1. Kev faib tawm T1, T2, thiab T3 rau cov yeeb nkab tooj liab feem ntau yog raws li kev nce qib ntawm impurities. Dab tsi yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm metallurgical cuam tshuam ntawm cov impurities no, thiab qhov no ncaj qha tsim kev lag luam li cas - tawm ntawm hluav taws xob / thermal conductivity thiab superior machinability?
Lub hauv paus cuam tshuam ntawm impurities yog nyob rau hauv kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov siv lead ua lattice. Cov tooj liab ntshiab muaj lub ntsej muag tsis tu ncua, lub ntsej muag -centered cubic (FCC) lattice uas tso cai rau cov hluav taws xob thiab phonons (kua hluav taws xob quanta) txav nrog kev cuam tshuam tsawg.
T1 (High Purity, >99.9% Cu): Nrog me me impurities, cov lattice yog heev tsis tu ncua. Qhov no tso cai rau kom tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam zoo ntawm electrons thiab phonons, uas ua rau muaj hluav taws xob thiab thermal conductivity (mus txog 101% IACS). Txawm li cas los xij, cov tooj liab ntshiab yog mos, gummy, thiab nyiam tsim kua muag thaum lub sij hawm machining, ua rau tsis zoo nto tiav thiab ua tau - nce ntug ntawm cov cuab yeej.
T3 (Lower Purity, ~ 99.90% Cu): Muaj ntau ntau impurities xws li lead (Pb), bismuth (Bi), thiab lwm yam. Cov impurity atoms distort cov siv lead ua lattice, tawg electrons thiab phonons, uas txo cov hluav taws xob thiab thermal conductivity. Txawm li cas los xij, cov impurities tib yam, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov hlau lead, ua raws li cov chips tawg thaum lub sij hawm machining. Lawv tsim microscopic discontinuities uas tiv thaiv cov chips ntev, tsis tu ncua los ntawm kev tsim, ua rau lub ntsej muag zoo dua, ua kom nrawm dua, thiab siv lub neej ntev dua.
T2 (Intermediate Purity): Nyob hauv nruab nrab hauv av, muab qhov sib npaug ntawm kev coj zoo thiab kev siv tau zoo.
Kev lag luam tawm -tawm: Tus tsim qauv yuav tsum xaiv ntawm T1 rau qhov siab tshaj plaws conductivity nyob rau hauv hluav taws xob tsheb npav los yog siab -efficiency heat exchangers, thiab T3 kom yooj yim ntawm fabrication nyob rau hauv complex, machined kav kav dej fittings los yog valve Cheebtsam uas conductivity yog ib tug thib ob kev txhawj xeeb.
2. Rau ib txoj haujlwm tsim kho keeb kwm yav dhau los txhawm rau qhov tseeb, T1 seamless tooj liab yeeb nkab tej zaum yuav raug teev rau cov vov tsev thiab cov kav dej. Dab tsi tshwj xeeb ntawm high -purity tooj liab yog lub luag haujlwm rau kev txhim kho nws cov yam ntxwv ntsuab patina, thiab yog vim li cas patina no muaj txiaj ntsig zoo?
Cov cuab yeej tseem ceeb yog cov tshuaj purity siab thiab reactivity ntawm T1 tooj liab, uas tso cai rau tsim ib tug ruaj khov, coherent patina los ntawm ib tug multi-theem txheej txheem tshuaj.
Cov txheej txheem Patina Formation:
Thaum xub thawj Oxidation: Kev raug huab cua tsim ib txheej xim liab -xim av cuprous oxide (Cu₂O).
Sulfation: Thaum lub sij hawm, cov sulfur compounds nyob rau hauv cov huab cua (los ntawm cov pa phem) hnov mob nrog cov oxide los ua ib txheej ntawm dub khob khob sulfide (CuS) thiab tom qab ntawd ib tug bluish - ntsuab txheej ntawm tooj liab sulfate (Cu₄SO₄ (OH)₆).
Carbonation: Thaum kawg, carbon dioxide thiab noo noo ua rau qhov kawg, ruaj khov patina: yooj yim tooj liab carbonate, los yog malachite (Cu₂CO₃(OH)₂), uas yog cov yam ntxwv xim ntsuab.
Functional Benefits ntawm Patina:
Lub patina tsis yog tsuas yog tshuaj pleev ib ce; nws yog ib qho kev tiv thaiv zoo heev, tus kheej - kho barrier.
Corrosion Inhibition: Cov pob zeb hauv av ruaj khov no yog insoluble thiab adherent. Nws zoo seals lub hauv paus tooj liab los ntawm kev tawm tsam atmospheric ntxiv, ua rau qeeb tus nqi corrosion mus rau qib tsis txaus.
Lub neej ntev: Cov txheej txheem tiv thaiv no yog vim li cas siab - purity tooj liab ru tsev tuaj yeem kav ntev mus rau ntau pua xyoo. Lub patina ua kom cov txheej txheem kev ncaj ncees ntawm lub ru tsev system yog khaws cia nyob rau hauv ib tug tshwj xeeb ntev kev pab cuam lub neej.
Aesthetic Stability: Thaum tsim, xim ruaj khov thiab yuav tsum tsis muaj kev saib xyuas, muab qhov zoo sib xws thiab keeb kwm raug.
3. Nyob rau hauv ib tug niaj hnub high - purity gas xa system rau ib tug semiconductor fab, yuav tsum tau ib tug seamless tooj liab yeeb nkab. Thaum T1 muaj qhov zoo tshaj plaws purity, vim li cas nws yuav yog ib qho kev xaiv tsis zoo rau cov tshuab compression fittings siv nyob rau hauv xws li ib tug system, thiab dab tsi niaj hnub oxygen -qib tooj liab dawb yuav yog lwm txoj kev zoo tshaj?
T1 tooj liab yog ib qho kev xaiv tsis zoo vim nws qhov cuam tshuam rau Hydrogen Embrittlement thiab nws cov softness, uas tuaj yeem ua rau muaj teeb meem sealing.
Hydrogen Embrittlement Risk: T1 is essentially an Electrolytic Tough Pitch (ETP) copper, containing cuprous oxide (Cu₂O) particles. In the presence of even trace hydrogen (which can be present in certain process gases or from off-gassing in the cleanroom environment), a reaction can occur: Cu₂O + H₂ ->2 Cu + H₂O. Cov dej vapor uas tshwm sim hauv cov hlau, ua rau muaj kev kub ntxhov, ua rau micro- tawg thiab puas tsuaj, nkig tsis ua haujlwm. Qhov no yog qhov kev pheej hmoo tsis txaus ntseeg nyob rau hauv ultra- siab - purity system.
Softness thiab Creep: Lub siab purity ntawm T1 ua rau nws mos heev (annealed). Nyob rau hauv qhov kev ntxhov siab tas mus li ntawm lub tshuab compression ferrule, T1 yeeb nkab tuaj yeem ua rau txias txaus los yog nkag mus, ua rau cov khoom siv maj mam loosen lub sijhawm thiab muaj peev xwm tsim txoj hauv kev.
Qhov zoo tshaj lwm txoj hauv kev: Oxygen-Free Copper (OFC)
Cov qib niaj hnub zoo li C10100 (Oxygen-Free Electronic Grade) lossis C10200 (Oxygen-}Free) yog qhov kev xaiv raug.
Tsis muaj embrittlement: Cov qib no tau ua tiav hauv qhov chaw txo qis kom tshem tawm cov pa oxygen tag nrho, ua rau lawv tiv thaiv tsis tau hydrogen embrittlement.
Tswj Lub Zog: Lawv tuaj yeem muab nkag rau hauv kev sib tw (nyuaj) kev npau taws, muab lub zog txaus los tiv thaiv creep nyob rau hauv compression fittings thaum tswj siab purity thiab conductivity.
Kev huv huv: Cov txheej txheem tsim khoom rau OFC yog tsim los txo tag nrho cov impurities, tiv thaiv kev sib kis ntawm cov pa roj purity siab.
4. Cov txheej txheem kev faib tawm "T" feem ntau yog keeb kwm. Dab tsi yog qhov tseem ceeb niaj hnub qauv rau seamless tooj liab raj dej, thiab yuav ua li cas nws cov khoom siv qib (xws li K, L, M) cuam tshuam rau lub qub T1 / T2 / T3 system raws li lawv txoj cai xaiv?
Cov txheej txheem niaj hnub tseem ceeb hauv North America yog ASTM B88 - Cov Qauv Qhia Tshwj Xeeb rau Seamless Copper Water Tube. Cov hom "T" tau hloov pauv los ntawm cov txheej txheem raws li phab ntsa tuab thiab daim ntawv thov, tsis yog purity.
ASTM B88 Qib Cov Qauv:
Cov qib sib xws yog Hom K, Hom L, thiab Hom M. Cov no yog qhov txawv ntawm lawv txoj kab nruab nrab sab nraud thiab phab ntsa tuab rau qhov muab cov yeeb nkab nominal loj.
Hom K: Muaj phab ntsa tuab tshaj plaws thiab siv rau cov kev pabcuam hauv av, siab - cov ntawv thov siab, thiab cov kav dej ua lag luam.
Hom L: Nws muaj qhov nruab nrab ntawm phab ntsa tuab thiab yog hom ntau tshaj plaws rau kev faib dej dav dav hauv cov kav dej hauv tsev thiab kev lag luam.
Hom M: Muaj cov phab ntsa nyias nyias thiab yog siv rau qhov qis -cov kav dej hauv tsev thiab qee qhov dej, pov tseg, thiab qhov cua (DWV).
Kev sib raug zoo rau T- Qib thiab Cov Txheej Txheem Xaiv Niaj Hnub:
Cov khoom siv tooj liab siv rau ASTM B88 raj feem ntau yog C12200 (DHP - Phosphorus Deoxidized, High Residual P) lossis sib npaug. Qhov no muaj qhov sib npaug zoo ntawm lub zog, ductility, thiab, qhov tseem ceeb, tsis kam mus rau embrittlement thaum soldering / brazing.
Lub qub T1 / T2 / T3 system yog hais txog cov khoom muaj pes tsawg leeg (purity).
Hom K / L / M niaj hnub no yog hais txog cov khoom siv (phab ntsa thickness thiab siab ntsuas).
Cov txheej txheem kev tswj hwm niaj hnub no yog cov kev xav tau siab, txoj kev teeb tsa (faus vs. raug), thiab cov cai tswj hwm lub tsev, tsis yog qhov sib txawv me ntsis purity ntawm T- qib system. Cov khoom siv purity tau ua tau zoo raws li ASTM B88 specification.
5. Thaum ua qhov kev soj ntsuam tsis ua haujlwm ntawm cov kav dej T2 tooj liab los ntawm xyoo 1950, ob hom kev xeb raug xav tias: pitting los ntawm cov dej tshwj xeeb chemistry lossis erosion -corrosion los ntawm siab tshaj tawm. Dab tsi pom thiab metallurgical clues yuav paub qhov txawv ntawm ib qho?
Qhov txawv ntawm cov hom kev ua tsis tiav no yuav tsum tau ua tib zoo tshuaj xyuas ntawm corrosion morphology thiab qhov chaw.
Pitting Corrosion (los ntawm Dej Chemistry):
Visual Clues:
Localized Attack: Cov dej xau yuav tshwm sim los ntawm qhov sib txawv, cais tawm. Tus so ntawm cov yeeb nkab saum npoo yuav zoo li tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam loj lossis muaj qhov dulling.
Pit Morphology: Pits feem ntau hemispherical lossis tob thiab nqaim. Tej zaum lawv yuav raug them los ntawm ib qho nyuaj, pob khawm ntawm cov khoom siv corrosion (tooj liab ntsev).
Qhov chaw: Pitting yog feem ntau random, tab sis tuaj yeem tshwm sim ntau dua nyob rau sab saum toj sab hauv ntawm cov kav dej kab rov tav uas muaj cua npuas tuaj yeem raug daig, lossis hauv thaj chaw tsis ruaj.
Cov Lus Qhia Metallurgical:
Hla - ntu ib lub qhov yuav qhia nws propagating ncaj qha rau hauv phab ntsa, feem ntau qhia concentric rings ntawm txawv corrosion khoom (cuprite, malachite) nyob rau hauv lub kab noj hniav.
Kev yaig-Corrosion:
Visual Clues:
Directional Grooving lossis Wavy Patterns: Sab hauv sab hauv yuav pom cov qauv sib txawv ntawm grooves, gullies, lossis nthwv dej raws li cov kev taw qhia ntws. Nws zoo li yog tias qhov chaw tau raug scoured los yog ntxuav tawm.
Qhov chaw: Nws yeej ib txwm pom nyob rau hauv cov cheeb tsam ntawm turbulence, sai sai hloov kev taw qhia, los yog constriction. Classic qhov chaw muaj xws li tam sim ntawd downstream ntawm luj tshib, tees, li qub, los yog orifices. Qhov kev tawm tsam yog qhov hnyav tshaj qhov uas qhov khiav ceev tshaj plaws thiab feem ntau chaotic.
Ci ntsa iab, huv si: thaj chaw tawm tsam feem ntau yog qhov xav tsis thoob thiab ci ntsa iab vim qhov siab - nrawm nrawm tshem tawm cov khoom tiv thaiv patina thiab cov khoom muag muag kom sai li sai tau thaum lawv tsim, nthuav tawm cov hlau tshiab, nquag tawm tsam ntxiv.
Cov Lus Qhia Metallurgical:
Tus ntoo khaub lig- ntu qhia txog qhov du, maj mam thinning ntawm cov yeeb nkab phab ntsa uas tsis muaj qhov sib sib zog nqus, sib cais. Lub microstructure yuav tshwm sim ua haujlwm thiab du nyob rau hauv cov kev taw qhia ntws.
Hauv cov ntsiab lus, kev sib cais, qhov tob tob qhia txog pitting, thaum cov kev taw qhia grooves nyob rau hauv siab -flow cheeb tsam taw tes rau erosion-corrosion.
