1. Q: Dab tsi yog qhov txawv ntawm Nickel 200 (UNS N02200) thiab Nickel 201 (UNS N02201) daim ntawv thiab phaj, thiab qhov sib txawv no cuam tshuam li cas rau kev xaiv cov khoom?
A:Nickel 200 (UNS N02200) thiab Nickel 201 (UNS N02201) yog cov khoom lag luam ntshiab wrought nickel qib uas muaj ntau yam khoom tab sis txawv hauv lawv cov ntsiab lus carbon. Qhov zoo li qhov sib txawv me me no muaj qhov cuam tshuam loj heev rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov khoom siv, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog hauv cov ntawv thov uas muaj qhov kub siab. Nkag siab qhov sib txawv no yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev xaiv cov khoom tsim nyog.
Compositional Distinction:
| Element | Nickel 200 (N02200) cov khoom siv | Nickel 201 (N02201) cov khoom siv |
|---|---|---|
| Nickel + cobalt | 99.0% min | 99.0% min |
| Cov pa roj carbon | 0.15% max | 0.02% max |
| Hlau | 0.40% max | 0.40% max |
| Manganese | 0.35% max | 0.35% max |
| Silicon | 0.35% max | 0.35% max |
| Sulfur | 0.01% max | 0.01% max |
| Tooj | 0.25% max | 0.25% max |
Graphitization - Qhov Tseem Ceeb Failure Mechanism:Thaum Nickel 200 raug rau qhov kub thiab txias nyob rau hauv thaj tsam ntawm 315℃txog 600℃(600℃F txog 1112℃F) rau ncua sij hawm, cov pa roj carbon tam sim no nyob rau hauv matrix tuaj yeem tso tawm raws li dawb graphite ntawm cov ciam teb. Qhov tshwm sim no, hu ua graphitization, ua rau:
Embrittlement:Poob ductility thiab cuam tshuam tsis kam
Txo tensile zog:Kev qaug zog ntawm cov khoom siv
Intergranular tawg:Ua tsis tiav raws li cov ciam teb
Kev puas tsuaj loj:Sudden tsis ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv load
Nickel 201, nrog nws cov ultra- cov ntsiab lus carbon tsawg (0.02% siab tshaj), tshem tawm txoj kev pheej hmoo ntawm graphitization. Cov pa roj carbon qib tsawg heev uas tsis muaj cov pa roj carbon txaus los tsim cov graphite precipitates, txawm tias tom qab ntev raug rau qhov ntsuas kub tseem ceeb.
Kev xaiv cov khoom siv:
| Daim ntawv thov kub | Pom zoo Qib | Kev xav |
|---|---|---|
| Ambient rau 315℃(600℃F) | Nickel 200 (N02200) cov khoom siv | Tus nqi- zoo; tsis muaj graphitization txaus ntshai |
| Tshaj 315℃(600℃F) | Nickel 201 (N02201) cov khoom siv | Tshem tawm graphitization txaus ntshai |
| Kev pabcuam Cryogenic | Ob qib | Zoo heev ductility khaws cia |
Mechanical Properties Comparison (Annealed):
| Khoom | Nickel 200 | Nickel 201 |
|---|---|---|
| Tensile zog | 55 ksi (380 MPa) min | 55 ksi (380 MPa) min |
| Yield zog | 15 ksi (105 MPa) min | 15 ksi (105 MPa) min |
| Elongation | 35-40% min | 35-40% min |
| Hardness | 80-110 PAB | 80-110 PAB |
Kev txiav txim siab nqi:Nickel 200 feem ntau tsis tshua kim dua Nickel 201 vim tias tsis muaj zog carbon tswj thaum lub sij hawm yaj. Rau cov ntawv thov ua haujlwm qis dua 315℃(600℃F), Nickel 200 muab tus nqi -kev daws teeb meem zoo yam tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam kev ua haujlwm.
Piv txwv daim ntawv thov:
Nickel 200:Cov khoom siv roj teeb, cov hlau lead, cov khoom siv ua zaub mov, ambient -kub tshuaj tuav
Nickel 201 khoom:Caustic evaporators, khoom siv hluavtaws fiber ntau, siab -kub tshuaj reactors, kho cua sov fixtures
2. Q: Cov qauv kev tswj hwm siv li cas rau Ni200 thiab Ni201 npib tsib xee daim ntawv thiab phaj, thiab dab tsi yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov kev qhia tshwj xeeb no?
A:Nickel 200 thiab Nickel 201 daim ntawv thiab phaj yog tswj hwm los ntawm ASTM thiab ASME cov lus qhia tshwj xeeb uas tsim cov tshuaj lom neeg muaj pes tsawg leeg, cov khoom siv kho tshuab, qhov ntev ntev, thiab cov kev xeem. Kev nkag siab txog cov qauv no yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev yuav khoom thiab kev ruaj ntseg zoo.
Cov Khoom Siv Tseem Ceeb - ASTM B162:ASTM B162 yog tus qauv qhia tshwj xeeb rau npib tsib xee phaj, ntawv, thiab sawb, npog ob qho tib si Nickel 200 (UNS N02200) thiab Nickel 201 (UNS N02201). Cov specification no tsim:
Chemical Composition Requirements rau ASTM B162:
| Element | Nickel 200 (N02200) cov khoom siv | Nickel 201 (N02201) cov khoom siv |
|---|---|---|
| Nickel + cobalt | 99.0% min | 99.0% min |
| Cov pa roj carbon | 0.15% max | 0.02% max |
| Hlau | 0.40% max | 0.40% max |
| Manganese | 0.35% max | 0.35% max |
| Silicon | 0.35% max | 0.35% max |
| Sulfur | 0.01% max | 0.01% max |
| Tooj | 0.25% max | 0.25% max |
Mechanical Property Requirements (Annealed Condition):
| Thickness | Tensile zog (min) | Yield zog (min) | Elongation (min) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Txog li 5 hli (0.2 nti) | 55 ksi (380 MPa) | 15 ksi (105 MPa) | 40% |
| Ntau tshaj 5mm mus rau 25mm | 55 ksi (380 MPa) | 15 ksi (105 MPa) | 35% |
| Tshaj 25mm (1 nti) | 50 ksi (345 MPa) | 12 ksi (83 MPa) | 30% |
Dimensional Tolerances rau ASTM B162:
| Parameter | Ua siab ntev |
|---|---|
| Thickness | Nws txawv ntawm qhov dav thiab tuab; ± 0.005 rau daim ntawv |
| Dav | ± 0.125 nyob rau hauv rau sheared npoo |
| Ntev | ± 0.125 nyob rau hauv rau txiav lengths |
| Flatness | Qhov siab tshaj qhov sib txawv ntawm ib chav tsev ntev |
ASME Code Applications:Rau kev siv lub nkoj siab, ASME SB162 yog tus lej- pom zoo version ntawm ASTM B162. Cov khoom siv rau ASME SB162 yog siv tau rau hauv ASME Boiler thiab Pressure Vessel Code kev tsim kho.
Cov Lus Qhia Ntxiv:Rau cov ntawv thov tseem ceeb, ASTM B162 tso cai rau cov kev xav tau ntxiv:
S1:Nondestructive kuaj (ultrasonic kuaj)
S2:Kev txiav txim siab loj
S3:Tshwj xeeb nto tiav yuav tsum
S4:Ua kom siab - ntsuas kub
Cov Khoom Siv:
Phaj:Thickness feem ntau 5 hli (0.1875 hauv) thiab tshaj
Daim ntawv:Thickness qis dua 5 hli (0.1875 nti)
Sawb:Txias- cov khoom siv dov nrog qhov dav tsawg dua 600 mm (24 hauv)
Certification Requirements:Raws li ASTM B162, cov neeg muag khoom yuav tsum muab:
Mill Test Report (MTRs):Certifying tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab mechanical zog
Thaum tshav kub kub naj npawb traceability:Kos rau ntawm txhua lub phaj lossis daim ntawv
Certification ntawm conformance:Nqe lus hais tias cov khoom ua tau raws li txhua qhov kev xav tau
3. Q: Dab tsi yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev tsim, vuam, thiab kev txiav txim siab rau Ni200 thiab Ni201 npib tsib xee daim ntawv thiab phaj?
A:Kev tsim thiab vuam ntawm Nickel 200 thiab Nickel 201 daim ntawv thiab phaj xav tau cov txheej txheem tshwj xeeb uas muaj kev cuam tshuam lub cev tshwj xeeb ntawm kev lag luam ntshiab npib tsib xee. Thaum ob qib qhia tau zoo heev formability thiab weldability, lawv cov thermal expansion, kuj tsis tshua muaj thermal conductivity, thiab rhiab heev rau tej yam kab mob xav tau nruj txheej txheem tswj.
Kev tsim cov kev txiav txim siab:Nyob rau hauv cov mob annealed, ob qho tib si Nickel 200 thiab Nickel 201 nthuav qhia tshwj xeeb ductility:
| Kev Ua Haujlwm | Kev pom zoo |
|---|---|
| Txias txoj kev | Formability zoo heev; tuaj yeem khoov, stamped, kos, thiab spun |
| Yam tsawg kawg khoov vojvoog | 1 × mus rau 2 × thickness rau annealed khoom |
| Ua hauj lwm hardening | Kev ua haujlwm nrawm nrawm; intermediate annealing tej zaum yuav xav tau rau cov duab complex |
| Kub sib sau | 870℃- 1230℃(1600℃F - 2250℃F); tsis txhob overheating saum 1230 degree |
| Springback | Nruab nrab; cov nyiaj pab uas xav tau hauv kev tsim cov cuab yeej |
Welding Considerations:Ntshiab npib tsib xee nthuav tawm zoo heev weldability:
| Parameter | Kev pom zoo |
|---|---|
| Cov txheej txheem vuam | GTAW (TIG) nyiam rau daim ntawv; GMAW for thicker sections |
| Filler hlau | ERNi-1 (kev sib xyaw ua ke) |
| Tiv thaiv roj | Argon lossis argon-helium sib tov; rov qab purging qhov tseem ceeb rau tag nrho -kev nkag welds |
| Thaum tshav kub kub input | Tswj kom txo cov qoob loo loj hlob thiab distortion |
| Interpass kub | Ua kom qis dua 150℃(300℃F) |
| Preheating | Tsis feem ntau yuav tsum tau |
Cov txheej txheem welding tseem ceeb:
| Xyaum | Kev xav |
|---|---|
| Kev huv huv nruj | Sulfur, lead, zinc, thiab qis - melting - cov kab mob kis ua rau embrittlement thiab kub tawg |
| Cov cuab yeej tshwj xeeb | Tiv thaiv hlau hla- paug los ntawm carbon steel |
| Tsis muaj kev tshaj tawm -weld heat treatment | Feem ntau tsis tas yuav tsum muaj kev tiv thaiv corrosion |
| Rov qab purging | Qhov tseem ceeb rau cov hauv paus hla los tiv thaiv oxidation sab hauv |
Kev txiav txim siab Machining:Nickel ntshiab yog cais raws li "ua haujlwm- tawv" lossis "gummy" cov khoom:
| Parameter | Kev pom zoo |
|---|---|
| Tooling | Carbide (C-2 lossis C-3) rau kev tsim khoom; HSS rau qhov ntim tsawg |
| Nto ceev (carbide) | 100-150 SFM (roughing); 150-200 SFM (ua tiav) |
| Nto ceev (HSS) | 40-60 FWM |
| Pub tus nqi | Aggressive feeds (0.005-0.015 in/rev) los txiav hauv qab txheej ua hauj lwm-hardened |
| Qhov tob ntawm kev txiav | Txaus kom tsis txhob txhuam; zam kev txiav lub teeb |
| Coolant | Dej nyab qhov tseem ceeb; dej- cov kua dej ua kua dej nyiam nyiam |
Kev Tiv Thaiv Kev Ua Haujlwm Hardening:
| Xyaum | Lub hom phiaj |
|---|---|
| Cov cuab yeej ntse | Cov cuab yeej npub ua rau kev ua haujlwm hardening thiab tsim hluav taws xob |
| Kev koom tes tas li | Kev cuam tshuam cuam tshuam tso cai rau kev ua haujlwm hardening |
| Kev teeb tsa nruj | Vibration accelerates cov cuab yeej hnav thiab ua hauj lwm hardening |
| Kev tswj chip zoo | Stringy chips xav tau chip breakers |
Kev npaj nto:
| Kev ua haujlwm | Txoj kev |
|---|---|
| Kev tshem tawm | Pickling hauv nitric -hydrofluoric acid daws |
| Degreasing | Solvent tu los yog alkaline tu |
| Passivation | Tom qab fabrication los kho corrosion kuj |
| Kev tiv thaiv kab mob | Tsis txhob sulfur{0}}raws li lubricants; siv cov cuab yeej tshwj xeeb |
4. Q: Dab tsi yog cov ntawv thov kev lag luam tseem ceeb rau Ni200 thiab Ni201 npib tsib xee daim ntawv thiab phaj, thiab cov yam ntxwv ua haujlwm zoo li cas rau kev xaiv cov khoom siv?
A:Nickel 200 thiab Nickel 201 daim ntawv thiab phaj ua haujlwm tseem ceeb thoob plaws ntau qhov kev lag luam, los ntawm kev ua tshuaj lom neeg mus rau hluav taws xob, roj teeb tsim khoom rau kev tsim khoom noj. Kev xaiv ntawm ib qib tshwj xeeb yog tsav los ntawm kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm kev tiv thaiv corrosion, hluav taws xob conductivity, magnetic zog, thiab fabricability uas ua lag luam ntshiab nickel muaj.
Kev Lag Luam Kev Lag Luam:
| Daim ntawv thov | Qib | Kev Ua Haujlwm Tsav Tsheb |
|---|---|---|
| Caustic soda (NaOH) tuav | Ni200 (≤315°C); Ni201 (>315 degree) | Resistance rau caustic embrittlement; uniform corrosion |
| Chlor{0}}alkali manufacturing | Ni200/Ni201 | Kev tiv thaiv rau ob qho tib si chlorine thiab caustic ib puag ncig |
| Fluorine thiab halogen ua | Ni200/Ni201 | Resistance rau qhuav halogens; tsis- paug nto |
| Hydrofluoric acid (tsis muaj roj) | Ni200/Ni201 | Zoo heev kuj nyob rau hauv qhuav HF |
Electronics thiab roj teeb kev lag luam:
| Daim ntawv thov | Qib | Kev Ua Haujlwm Tsav Tsheb |
|---|---|---|
| Roj teeb tabs thiab interconnects | Ni 200 | Hluav taws xob conductivity; weldability; tsis tshua muaj kev tiv thaiv |
| Cov neeg sau tam sim no | Ni 200 | Cov khoom hluav taws xob zoo ib yam; corrosion kuj |
| Cov hlau lead | Ni 200 | Solderability; formability |
| EMI / RFI tiv thaiv | Ni 200 | Sib nqus permeability; formability |
Food Processing thiab Pharmaceutical Industries:
| Daim ntawv thov | Qib | Kev Ua Haujlwm Tsav Tsheb |
|---|---|---|
| Cov nkoj ua haujlwm | Ni 200 | Kev tiv thaiv rau cov roj fatty acids; uas tsis yog- lom nto; kev huv |
| Mixers thiab agitators | Ni 200 | Corrosion tsis kam; FDA ua raws |
| Thaum tshav kub kub exchangers | Ni 200 | Thermal conductivity; tsis- paug nto |
Aerospace thiab Defense:
| Daim ntawv thov | Qib | Kev Ua Haujlwm Tsav Tsheb |
|---|---|---|
| Cryogenic systems | Ni200/Ni201 | Zoo heev ductility ntawm qhov kub thiab txias |
| Instrumentation Cheebtsam | Ni 200 | Tsis yog- cov khoom sib nqus; seem stability |
| Hydraulic system Cheebtsam | Ni 200 | Corrosion tsis kam; kev ntseeg tau |
Cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev ua tau zoo:
| Khoom | Ni200/Ni201 | Qhov tseem ceeb |
|---|---|---|
| Hluav taws xob conductivity | 22% IAB | Haum rau kev siv roj teeb thiab hluav taws xob |
| Thermal conductivity | 70 W / m·K ntawm 20 degree | Zoo rau cov cua kub exchangers thiab thermal tswj |
| Sib nqus permeability | <1.005 (annealed) | Tsis yog-magnetic; haum rau rhiab electronics |
| Corrosion kuj (caustic) | Zoo heev | Txaus siab rau kev pabcuam NaOH thiab KOH |
| Corrosion kuj (chloride) | Zoo | Resistant chloride SCC |
| Cryogenic toughness | Zoo heev | Retains ductility mus rau -196 degree |
Xaiv Phau Ntawv Qhia los ntawm Daim Ntawv Thov:
| Kev thov ib puag ncig | Pom zoo Qib | Kev xav |
|---|---|---|
| Ambient rau 315 degree, kev lag luam dav dav | Ni 200 | Tus nqi- zoo; kev ua tau zoo txaus |
| Tshaj 315 degree, siab - txheej txheem kub | Ni 201 | Tshem tawm graphitization txaus ntshai |
| Kev pabcuam Cryogenic | Ni200 los yog Ni201 | Ob leeg tuav tau zoo heev qis -kub toughness |
| Kev tsim roj teeb | Ni 200 | Siab purity; zoo ib yam weldability |
| Kev ua zaub mov | Ni 200 | FDA ua raws; huv si saum npoo |
| High -kev pabcuam tshuaj lom neeg | Ni 201 | Cov pa roj carbon tsawg tsawg txo qhov kev pheej hmoo kis kab mob |
5. Q: Dab tsi yog qhov kev lees paub zoo, kev sim, thiab kev xav txog kev yuav khoom yog qhov tseem ceeb thaum nrhiav Ni200 thiab Ni201 npib tsib xee daim ntawv thiab phaj?
A:Kev xa khoom Nickel 200 thiab Nickel 201 daim ntawv thiab phaj yuav tsum tau ua tib zoo saib xyuas kom zoo, kev soj ntsuam cov txheej txheem, thiab cov saw saw kev ntseeg tau. Qhov tseem ceeb yog txhawm rau txheeb xyuas qhov muaj txiaj ntsig tiag tiag thaum ua kom ntseeg tau tias cov khoom siv tau zoo raws li cov ntawv thov.
Material Certification thiab Traceability:Lub hauv paus ntawm kev ruaj ntseg zoo yog cov ntaub ntawv dav dav:
| Cov ntaub ntawv | Cov ntaub ntawv xav tau |
|---|---|
| Mill Test Report (MTRs) | Thaum tshav kub kub, tshuaj ntsuam xyuas, mechanical zog, kev kho cua sov |
| Cov ntaub ntawv kho cua sov | Annealing kub thiab txias txoj kev |
| Khoom cim | Thaum tshav kub kub tooj, specification, alloy, qhov ntev |
| Traceability | Tag nrho traceability los ntawm yaj mus rau cov khoom tiav |
Chemical Composition Verification:
| Element | Nickel 200 | Nickel 201 | Kev Tshawb Fawb |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nickel + cobalt | 99.0% min | 99.0% min | Kev ntsuas kub + PMI |
| Cov pa roj carbon | 0.15% max | 0.02% max | Tseem ceeb rau kev txheeb xyuas qib |
| Hlau | 0.40% max | 0.40% max | Kev ntsuas kub |
| Sulfur | 0.01% max | 0.01% max | Kev ntsuas kub |
Kev Tshawb Fawb Qib - Cov kauj ruam tseem ceeb:Qhov sib txawv ntawm Nickel 200 thiab Nickel 201 yog qhov tseem ceeb rau cov ntawv thov uas muaj qhov kub siab:
MTR tshuaj xyuas:Paub meej tias cov ntsiab lus carbon tau raws li cov kev txwv tshwj xeeb
Independent carbon tsom xam:Rau cov ntawv thov tseem ceeb, kev soj ntsuam kuaj xyuas cov ntsiab lus carbon
Common kev yuam kev:Hloov Nickel 200 rau Nickel 201 nyob rau hauv siab -kub daim ntawv thov kev pheej hmoo graphitization thiab ua tsis tiav ntxov
Nondestructive Examination (NDE):
| Kuaj | Kev siv tau | Lub hom phiaj |
|---|---|---|
| Kev kuaj ultrasonic (UT) | Phaj tshaj tej thickness | Internal defect nrhiav pom |
| Eddy tam sim no xeem (ET) | Daim ntawv thiab nyias phaj | Nto thiab ze ntawm - defects |
| Cov kua dej nkag (PT) | Cov ntawv thov tseem ceeb | Nto crack detection |
| Kev kuaj pom | Txhua yam khoom | Kev txheeb xyuas qhov xwm txheej saum npoo av |
Dimensional Verification:
| Parameter | Ua siab ntev |
|---|---|
| Thickness | Raws li ASTM B162; nws txawv ntawm qhov dav thiab thickness |
| Dav | ± 0.125 nyob rau hauv rau sheared npoo |
| Ntev | ± 0.125 nyob rau hauv rau txiav lengths |
| Flatness | Qhov siab tshaj qhov sib txawv ntawm ib chav tsev ntev |
Surface Quality Requirements:
| Kev xav tau | Txoj kev tshuaj xyuas |
|---|---|
| Tsis muaj laps, seams, los yog khawb tob | Kev kuaj pom |
| Tsis muaj nplai lossis oxides | Kev tshuaj xyuas qhov muag; pickling pov thawj |
| Ntxuav saum npoo | Kev ntsuas dej tawg; wipe test |
| Uniform tsos | Kev kuaj pom |
Tau Txais Daim Ntawv Tshawb Fawb:
Txheeb xyuas cov cim sib phim kev yuav khoom (suab tooj cua sov, alloy, specification)
Txheeb xyuas MTRs kom tiav thiab ua raws li ASTM B162
Paub meej tias cov ntsiab lus carbon tau raws li qib teev tseg (0.15% max rau Ni200; 0.02% max rau Ni201)
Ua Kev Ntsuas Cov Khoom Siv Zoo (PMI).
Tshawb xyuas qhov xwm txheej ntawm qhov tsis xws luag, nplai, lossis kis kab mob
Txheeb xyuas qhov ntev (thickness, width, length, flatness)
Rau cov ntawv thov tseem ceeb, xa cov qauv rau kev kuaj kev kuaj mob
Supplier Qualification:
| Kev ntsuas | Kev xav tau |
|---|---|
| Qhov system zoo | ISO 9001 yam tsawg kawg nkaus; AS9100 rau aerospace |
| Raws li ASTM B162 | Pom muaj peev xwm muab tau rau specification |
| Traceability systems | Tag nrho traceability muaj peev xwm |
| Kev kuaj muaj peev xwm | Hauv - tsev lossis kev cog lus kuaj |
Cia thiab tuav:
| Xyaum | Kev xav |
|---|---|
| Ib puag ncig huv | Khaws cia kom deb ntawm cov pa roj carbon steel kom tsis txhob muaj hlau paug |
| Kev tiv thaiv ntim | Khaws cov ntim khoom qub kom txog thaum tsim khoom |
| Kev tiv thaiv noo noo | Tsis txhob raug cov dej noo uas tuaj yeem ua rau qhov chaw corrosion |
| Cov khoom sib cais | Cais los ntawm cov xov tooj cua sov thiab specification |
| Traceability khaws cia | Xyuas kom cov cim tseem pom tau |
Tus nqi Optimization Strategies:
| Tswv yim | Kev cuam tshuam |
|---|---|
| Xaiv cov qib uas tsim nyog | Tsis txhob dhau -xws li Nickel 201 rau kev pabcuam ambient |
| Txheem qhov ntev | Qhov ntau thiab tsawg ntawm cov khoom lag luam tsis tshua kim dua li kev cai qhov ntev |
| Volume consolidation | Kev txiav txim loj dua ua tiav kev lag luam ntawm nplai |
| Mill nyiaj seem | Qee zaum muaj nrog daim ntawv pov thawj tag nrho |
Common Procurement Specifications:
| Daim ntawv thov | Pom zoo Specification |
|---|---|
| General kev lag luam | ASTM B162, UNS N02200 lossis N02201 |
| Lub nkoj siab | ASME SB 162 |
| Aerospace | AMS 5553 (Ni200) lossis AMS 5555 (Ni201) |
| Kev ua zaub mov | ASTM B162 nrog huv si saum npoo |
Cov chij liab kom zam:
| Tus chij liab | Muaj peev xwm txaus ntshai |
|---|---|
| Tus nqi tseem ceeb hauv qab kev ua lag luam | Tawm - cov lus qhia lossis cov khoom cuav |
| Tsis muaj cov xov tooj cua sov | Tsis muaj traceability |
| Tsis tiav MTRs | Tsis tuaj yeem txheeb xyuas qhov muaj pes tsawg leeg lossis cov khoom |
| Tus neeg muag khoom tsis tuaj yeem ua PMI | Kev tswj tsis tau zoo |
| Tsis muaj cov ntaub ntawv loj npaum li cas | Rau Ni201, kev txheeb xyuas kev kho cua sov kom raug |
Los ntawm kev ua raws li qhov kev lees paub zoo thiab kev coj ua, cov neeg yuav khoom tuaj yeem ua kom ntseeg tau tias Ni200 thiab Ni201 npib tsib xee daim ntawv thiab phaj ua tau raws li lawv cov kev xav tau, muab kev tiv thaiv corrosion, thermal stability, thiab fabricability uas tau ua lag luam ntshiab npib tsib xee cov khoom tseem ceeb nyob rau hauv ntau hom kev lag luam.
