1. Q: Dab tsi yog qhov txawv ntawm N4, N6, Ni200, thiab Ni201 ntshiab npib tsib xee bar qib, thiab cov npe no cuam tshuam li cas rau cov qauv thoob ntiaj teb?
A:Cov npe N4, N6, Ni200, thiab Ni201 sawv cev rau cov npe sib txawv rau cov khoom lag luam ntshiab npib tsib xee, txhua lub hauv paus los ntawm cov txheej txheem sib txawv. Kev nkag siab txog cov npe no yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev xaiv cov khoom tsim nyog thiab hla- xa mus rau thaum nrhiav cov khoom lag luam.
Suav Standard Designations - N4 thiab N6:Raws li Suav cov qauv (GB / T 5235 thiab GB / T 2054), kev lag luam ntshiab nickel raug cais los ntawm qib purity:
N4:Hais txog kwv yees li 99.9% cov ntsiab lus npib tsib xee yam tsawg kawg nkaus. Qib no yog sib npaug rau Nickel 200 (UNS N02200) hauv ASTM system. N4 muaj kev tiv thaiv zoo corrosion, zoo mechanical zog, thiab hluav taws xob thiab thermal conductivity. Nws yog dav siv nyob rau hauv chemical processing, electronics, thiab roj teeb manufacturing daim ntaub ntawv.
N6:Hais txog kwv yees li 99.5% cov ntsiab lus npib tsib xee yam tsawg kawg nkaus. Qib no yog qhov sib txawv me ntsis qis purity tab sis tseem muaj qhov zoo corrosion kuj thiab formability. N6 feem ntau yog siv rau hauv cov ntawv thov uas qhov kev txiav txim siab nqi ntau dua qhov xav tau rau qhov siab tshaj plaws purity, xws li cov khoom lag luam dav dav, cov ntawv siv kho kom zoo nkauj, thiab tsis tshua muaj tshuaj lom neeg ib puag ncig.
International Standard Designations - Ni200 thiab Ni201:Raws li ASTM thiab UNS systems:
Ni200 (UNS N02200):Tus qauv lag luam ntshiab nickel qib nrog cov ntsiab lus siab tshaj plaws ntawm 0.15%. Nws muaj qhov tsawg kawg nkaus nickel ntxiv rau cobalt cov ntsiab lus ntawm 99.0%. Ni200 yog cov nickel ntshiab siv thoob plaws ntiaj teb.
Ni201 (UNS N02201):Qhov qis- carbon variant ntawm cov nickel ntshiab nrog cov ntsiab lus siab tshaj plaws ntawm 0.02%. Qib no yog tsim tshwj xeeb rau cov ntawv thov cuam tshuam nrog qhov kub thiab txias siab tshaj 315℃(600℃F), qhov twg cov ntsiab lus carbon ntau dua ntawm Ni200 tuaj yeem ua rau graphitization thiab embrittlement.
Hla -Table:
| Qib Suav | ASTM / UNS sib npaug | Cov ntsiab lus Nickel | Carbon Max | Cov ntawv thov tseem ceeb |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N4 | Ni200 (UNS N02200) | 99.9% min | 0.15% | Kev ua tshuaj lom neeg, hluav taws xob, roj teeb tab |
| N6 | - | 99.5% min | 0.15% | Kev lag luam dav dav, kho kom zoo nkauj, tus nqi-sensitive |
| - | Ni200 (UNS N02200) | 99.0% min | 0.15% | Ntiaj teb no tus qauv rau ntshiab nickel |
| - | Ni201 (UNS N02201) | 99.0% min | 0.02% | Siab -kev siv kub siab tshaj 315 degree |
Kev sib xyaw ua ke:
| Element | N4 (Tshwj xeeb) | N6 (Tshwj xeeb) | Ni200 (ASTM) | Ni201 (ASTM) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ni + Co | 99.9% min | 99.5% min | 99.0% min | 99.0% min |
| C | 0.02% max | 0.10% max | 0.15% max | 0.02% max |
| Si | 0.05% max | 0.10% max | 0.35% max | 0.35% max |
| Mn | 0.05% max | 0.05% max | 0.35% max | 0.35% max |
| Fe | 0.10% max | 0.20% max | 0.40% max | 0.40% max |
| Cu | 0.05% max | 0.10% max | 0.25% max | 0.25% max |
Kev Taw Qhia Xaiv:Rau industrial Factory daim ntawv thov:
N200 / N4:Kev xaiv tus qauv rau feem ntau daim ntawv thov xav tau siab purity, zoo corrosion kuj, thiab zoo heev conductivity
Xyoo 201:Qhia meej thaum qhov kev pabcuam kub siab tshaj 315℃(600℃F) kom tsis txhob graphitization
N6:Kev txiav txim siab thaum tus nqi yog tus tsav tsheb thawj zaug thiab daim ntawv thov tsis xav tau qhov siab tshaj plaws purity
2. Q: Dab tsi yog kev tswj xyuas tshwj xeeb siv rau cov npib tsib xee ntshiab, thiab dab tsi yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov cuab yeej cuab tam?
A:Ntshiab npib tsib xee bar yog tswj hwm los ntawm ASTM cov lus qhia tshwj xeeb uas tsim cov tshuaj lom neeg muaj pes tsawg leeg, cov khoom siv kho tshuab, qhov ntev ntev, thiab cov kev sim ntsuas. Kev nkag siab txog cov qauv no yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev ua kom cov khoom zoo thiab ua raws li cov qauv.
Primary Material Specifications:
ASTM B160 Cov Lus Qhia:Qhov no yog tus qauv specification rau nickel pas nrig thiab bar, npog ob qho tib si Ni200 (UNS N02200) thiab Ni201 (UNS N02201). Nws tsim:
Tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg:Kev txwv rau nickel, carbon, hlau, manganese, silicon, sulfur, thiab tooj liab
Mechanical zog:Tensile zog, yield zog, thiab elongation
Kev kho cua sov:Annealing xav tau
Dimensional tolerances:Txoj kab uas hla, ntev, thiab ncaj
Marking thiab ntawv pov thawj:Thaum tshav kub kub naj npawb traceability thiab zeb xeem ntawv qhia
ASME SB160:ASME code- pom zoo version rau kev siv lub nkoj siab
TIAB SA 5553:Aerospace specification rau Ni200 daim ntawv; tej zaum yuav raug xa mus rau cov ntawv thov bar xav tau aerospace- qib zoo
Chemical Composition Requirements rau ASTM B160:
| Element | Ni200 (UNS N02200) | Ni201 (UNS N02201) |
|---|---|---|
| Nickel + cobalt | 99.0% min | 99.0% min |
| Cov pa roj carbon | 0.15% max | 0.02% max |
| Hlau | 0.40% max | 0.40% max |
| Manganese | 0.35% max | 0.35% max |
| Silicon | 0.35% max | 0.35% max |
| Sulfur | 0.01% max | 0.01% max |
| Tooj | 0.25% max | 0.25% max |
Mechanical Property Requirements (Annealed Condition):
| Khoom | Ni200 / Ni201 (txog 2 nti) | Ni200 / Ni201 (dhau 2 inch) |
|---|---|---|
| Tensile zog | 55 ksi (380 MPa) min | 50 ksi (345 MPa) min |
| Yield zog (0.2% offset) | 15 ksi (105 MPa) min | 12 ksi (83 MPa) min |
| Elongation | 35% min | 30% min |
Lub cev muaj zog:
| Khoom | Ni200/Ni201 |
|---|---|
| Qhov ntom | 8.89 g / cm³ (0.321 lb / hauv³) |
| Melting Range | 1435℃- 1446℃(2615℃F - 2635℃F) |
| Hluav taws xob Resistivity | 9.6 µΩ·cm ntawm 20 degree |
| Thermal conductivity | 70.2 W / m·K ntawm 20 degree |
| Coefficient ntawm Thermal Expansion | 13.3 × 10⁻⁶ /℃(20℃- 100 degree) |
| Sib nqus Permeability | Tsawg (feem ntau <1.005 nyob rau hauv annealed mob) |
Kev kho cua sov:Ntshiab npib tsib xee bar feem ntau yog muab rau hauv qhov mob annealed, uas muab:
Maximum ductility:Rau kev tsim thiab dabtsi yog khoov
Qhov zoo tshaj plaws corrosion kuj:Uniform, huv si
Tsawg hardness:Yooj yim ntawm machining
Annealing Parameters:
Kub:705℃rau 925℃(1300℃F txog 1700℃F)
Cua txias:Cua txias los yog dej quenching nyob ntawm seb qhov luaj li cas
Dimensional Tolerances rau ASTM B160:
| Parameter | Txias-Tiav Bar | Kub-Tiav Bar |
|---|---|---|
| Txoj kab uas hla (hauv qab 1 nti) | ± 0.005 hli | ± 0.031 hli |
| Txoj kab uas hla (1 mus rau 2 nti) | ± 0.006 hli | ± 0.031 hli |
| Txoj kab uas hla (tshaj 2 hauv) | ± 0.008 hli | ± 0.031 hauv lossis 1% |
| Ntev | ± 0.125 nyob rau hauv rau txiav lengths | ± 0.125 nyob rau hauv rau txiav lengths |
3. Q: Dab tsi yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm fabrication thiab machining txiav txim siab rau ntshiab nickel bar, thiab yuav ua li cas lub Hoobkas ua hauj lwm optimize cov nqi ntau lawm?
A:Ntshiab nickel bar paub txog nws zoo heev formability thiab corrosion kuj, tab sis nws nthuav cov machining thiab fabrication nyuaj vim nws ua hauj lwm - hardening yam ntxwv thiab "gummy" xwm. Kev nkag siab txog cov kev txiav txim siab no ua rau lub Hoobkas ua haujlwm kom ua kom zoo dua qub thiab tswj cov nqi.
Machining yam ntxwv:Nickel ntshiab yog cais raws li "ua haujlwm- tawv" lossis "gummy", lub ntsiab lus:
Kev ua haujlwm nrawm nrawm:Cov txheej txheej saum npoo yuav nyuaj dua thiab nyuaj rau txiav thaum machining nce
Stringy chips:Ntev, nruam chips uas tuaj yeem cuam tshuam nrog kev txiav
Tsis zoo thermal conductivity:Thaum tshav kub kub generated thaum lub sij hawm machining concentrates ntawm txiav ntug
Tendency rau gall:tuaj yeem ua rau ua tau - nce ntug ntawm cov cuab yeej txiav
Pom zoo Machining xyaum:
| Parameter | Kev pom zoo |
|---|---|
| Tooling | Carbide tooling (C-2 lossis C-3 qib) rau kev tsim khoom; HSS rau qhov ntim tsawg |
| Nto ceev (Carbide) | 100-150 SFM rau roughing; 150-200 SFM rau kev ua tiav |
| Surface Speed (HSS) | 40-60 FWM |
| Pub tus nqi | 0.005-0.015 in/rev (ntaus pub rau txiav hauv qab txheej ua hauj lwm-hardened) |
| Qhov tob ntawm Txiav | Txaus kom tsis txhob txhuam; zam lub teeb txiav nrog qeeb qeeb |
| Coolant | Dej nyab qhov tseem ceeb; dej- cov kua dej ua kua dej nyiam nyiam |
| Cov cuab yeej Geometry | Zoo rake ces kaum, ntse txiav npoo |
Tus nqi Optimization Strategies:
Tooling xaiv:Kev nqis peev hauv cov cuab yeej carbide zoo; tus nqi pib siab dua yog offset los ntawm kev siv lub neej ntev thiab txo qis qis
Coolant Management:Xyuas kom cov dej txias txaus txaus thiab pom; Thaum tshav kub kub yog tus yeeb ncuab tseem ceeb ntawm cov cuab yeej lub neej hauv nickel machining
Workpiece rigidity:Siv cov txheej txheem nruj kom txo qis kev vibration; vibration accelerates cuab yeej hnav
Chip tswj:Siv chip breakers los tswj cov stringy chips; xav txog siab -lub siab txias rau nti khiav tawm
Forging thiab Bending:Nyob rau hauv cov mob annealed, ntshiab nickel exhibits zoo heev ductility:
Cold forming:Cov khoom siv tuaj yeem khoov, dov, thiab tsim siv cov txheej txheem pa
Ua hauj lwm hardening:Kev ua haujlwm nrawm nrawm yuav xav tau nruab nrab annealing rau cov duab nyuaj
Springback:Ntshiab npib tsib xee nthuav tawm nruab nrab springback; cov nyiaj pub dawb yuav tsum tau ua hauv kev tsim cov cuab yeej
Yam tsawg kawg nkaus khoov radius:Feem ntau 1 × mus rau 2 × bar txoj kab uas hla rau annealed khoom
Welding Considerations:Ntshiab npib tsib xee nthuav tawm zoo heev weldability:
Cov txheej txheem:GTAW (TIG) yog qhov zoo dua rau qhov tseeb; GMAW (MIG) for production
Filler hlau:ERNi-1 sib phim muab tub lim pom zoo
Kev huv huv:Kev tu nruj kom tshem tawm cov sulfur, lead, thiab zinc paug
Thaum tshav kub kub input:Tswj kom txo cov qoob loo loj hlob thiab distortion
Kev kho cua sov rau Fabrication:
| Kev ua haujlwm | Kev kho cua sov |
|---|---|
| Tom qab ua haujlwm txias | Anneal ntawm 705℃-925℃(1300℃F-1700℃F) kom rov qab ductility |
| Kev ntxhov siab | 425℃-540℃(800℃F-1000℃F) rau machined Cheebtsam |
| Ncej -weld | Tsis xav tau rau feem ntau daim ntawv thov; anneal rau kev pabcuam tseem ceeb |
Kev Tiv Thaiv Kab Mob:Ntshiab nickel yog rhiab heev rau kev sib kis:
Sulfur:Tsis txhob muaj leej faj- cov roj nplua nyeem thiab cov khoom siv cim
Hlau:Siv cov cuab yeej tshwj xeeb los tiv thaiv kev sib kis -
Hlau, zinc, tooj liab:Tiv thaiv kev sib cuag nrog tsawg- melting- taw tes hlau
4. Q: Dab tsi yog cov ntawv thov kev lag luam tseem ceeb rau cov npib tsib xee ntshiab, thiab cov yam ntxwv ua haujlwm zoo li cas rau kev xaiv cov khoom siv?
A:Ntshiab npib tsib xee bar (N4, N6, Ni200, Ni201) ua haujlwm tseem ceeb thoob plaws ntau qhov kev lag luam, los ntawm kev ua tshuaj lom neeg rau hluav taws xob, roj teeb tsim khoom rau kev ua zaub mov. Kev xaiv ntawm ib qib tshwj xeeb yog tsav los ntawm kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm corrosion resistance, hluav taws xob conductivity, magnetic zog, thiab fabricability uas ntshiab nickel muaj.
Kev Lag Luam Kev Lag Luam:
Caustic soda (NaOH) kev tuav:Ntshiab npib tsib xee yog cov khoom xaiv rau kev tuav cov concentrated sodium hydroxide thiab potassium hydroxide. Ni201 tau teev tseg rau kev nce siab - qhov kev pabcuam kub siab tshaj 315℃(600℃F).
Daim ntawv thov:Pump shafts, valve stems, agitators, fasteners
Cov tsav tsheb ua haujlwm:Resistance rau caustic embrittlement, uniform corrosion kuj, ntev kev pab cuam lub neej
Fluorine thiab halogen ua:Lub alloy tsis kam rau qhuav halogens ua rau nws haum rau fluorine thiab chlorine tuav cov cuab yeej.
Daim ntawv thov:Valve Cheebtsam, instrumentation qhov chaw, fasteners
Cov tsav tsheb ua haujlwm:Tiv thaiv kom qhuav halogen nres, tsis yog - paug nto
Electronics thiab roj teeb kev lag luam:
Roj teeb Cheebtsam:Ntshiab nickel bar yog siv rau cov khoom siv tam sim no, cov hlau lead, thiab cov kab txuas txuas.
Daim ntawv thov:Lithium-Ion roj teeb terminals, tab leads, busbar txuas
Cov tsav tsheb ua haujlwm:Hluav taws xob conductivity, weldability, tsis tshua muaj kev sib cuag tsis kam, corrosion kuj
Electronic Cheebtsam:Nickel yog siv rau kev tiv thaiv, kev sib txuas, thiab cov hlau lead.
Cov tsav tsheb ua haujlwm:Tsawg sib nqus permeability, solderability, formability
Food Processing thiab Pharmaceutical Industries:
Cov khoom siv ua haujlwm:Ntshiab nickel bar yog siv rau tov khoom, agitators, thiab shafting.
Daim ntawv thov:Khoom noj khoom haus- qib sib tov khoom, cov khoom siv tshuaj ua cov nkoj
Cov tsav tsheb ua haujlwm:Corrosion tsis kam mus rau fatty acids, tsis yog - lom deg, cleanability
Aerospace thiab Defense:
Cryogenic systems:Ntshiab npib tsib xee khaws cov ductility zoo heev ntawm qhov kub thiab txias.
Daim ntawv thov:Ua kua hydrogen thiab kua oxygen system Cheebtsam
Cov tsav tsheb ua haujlwm:Tsawg-kub toughness, tsis yog- cov khoom sib nqus
Marine thiab Offshore:
Kev siv dej hiav txwv:Ntshiab nickel resists chloride corrosion.
Daim ntawv thov:Pump shafts, valve stems, instrumentation Cheebtsam
Cov tsav tsheb ua haujlwm:Kev tiv thaiv rau chloride pitting, uniform corrosion
Kev sib piv kev ua haujlwm:
| Khoom | Ntshiab Nickel (Ni200 / Ni201) | Stainless hlau 316 | Tooj |
|---|---|---|---|
| Hluav taws xob conductivity | Zoo (22% IACS) | Poor (2% IACS) | Zoo heev (100% IACS) |
| Thermal conductivity | Zoo (70 W / m·K) | Fair (16 W/m·K) | Zoo heev (400 W / m·K) |
| Corrosion Resistance (caustic) | Zoo heev | pluag | Zoo |
| Corrosion Resistance (Chloride) | Zoo | Ncaj ncees | Ncaj ncees |
| Sib nqus Permeability | Tsawg (<1.005) | Qhov nruab nrab (1.02) | Tsis yog -magnetic |
| Nqi | Nruab nrab | Tsawg | Nruab nrab |
Kev Taw Qhia Kev Xaiv los ntawm Daim Ntawv Thov:
| Daim ntawv thov | Pom zoo Qib | Kev xav |
|---|---|---|
| Caustic evaporators (siab kub) | N201 (N02201) | Tsawg carbon tiv thaiv graphitization |
| Ambient caustic kev pab cuam | Ni200 (N02200) / N4 | Tus nqi -kev ua tau zoo, kev ua haujlwm txaus |
| Roj teeb tabs | Ni200 (N02200) / N4 | High purity, weldability, conductivity |
| Khoom noj khoom haus shafts | Ni200 (N02200) / N4 | Corrosion kuj, cleanability |
| Cryogenic Cheebtsam | Ni200 los yog Ni201 | Zoo heev low -temperature ductility |
| Tus nqi -sensitive industrial | N6 | Tsawg purity, tus nqi qis |
5. Q: Dab tsi yog qhov kev lees paub zoo, kev sim, thiab kev txiav txim siab tus nqi ntawm lub Hoobkas yog qhov tseem ceeb thaum muab cov nickel ntshiab rau cov ntawv thov kev lag luam?
A:Sourcing ntshiab nickel bar (N4, N6, Ni200, Ni201) ntawm kev sib tw Hoobkas nqi yuav tsum tau ua tib zoo saib xyuas kom zoo, kev soj ntsuam raws tu qauv, thiab kev tswj cov saw saw hlau. Qhov tseem ceeb yog txhawm rau txheeb xyuas qhov muaj txiaj ntsig tiag tiag thaum ua kom ntseeg tau tias cov khoom siv tau zoo raws li cov ntawv thov.
Material Certification thiab Traceability:Lub hauv paus ntawm kev ruaj ntseg zoo yog cov ntaub ntawv dav dav:
Mill Test Report (MTRs):Txhua qhov khoom xa tuaj yuav tsum suav nrog MTRs cov ntaub ntawv:
Kub naj npawb:Tag nrho traceability rau qhov qub yaj
Tshuaj ntsuam xyuas:Kev txheeb xyuas qhov muaj pes tsawg leeg, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov ntsiab lus carbon rau kev txheeb xyuas qib
Mechanical zog:Tensile zog, yield zog, elongation
Cov ntaub ntawv kho cua sov:Annealing kub thiab txias txoj kev
Certification ntawm conformance:Nqe lus hais tias cov khoom ua tau raws li ASTM B160 cov cai
Khoom cim:Txhua bar yuav tsum tau cim nrog:
Tus neeg tsim khoom lub npe lossis lub cim lag luam
Specification naj npawb (ASTM B160)
Alloy designation (Ni200, Ni201, N4, lossis N6)
Kub naj npawb
Qhov ntev
Qib Verification:Qhov sib txawv ntawm Ni200 thiab Ni201 yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev siv siab - kub:
| Kev Tshawb Fawb | Lub hom phiaj |
|---|---|
| MTR kev ntsuam xyuas | Paub meej tias cov ntsiab lus carbon raws li cov lus qhia |
| Independent carbon tsom xam | Rau cov ntawv thov tseem ceeb, txheeb xyuas cov ntsiab lus carbon |
| Kev kuaj PMI | Paub meej cov ntsiab lus nickel (tsis tuaj yeem paub qhov txawv carbon) |
Nondestructive Examination (NDE):Rau cov ntawv thov tseem ceeb, NDE ua kom muaj kev ncaj ncees ntawm cov khoom:
| Kuaj | Daim ntawv thov |
|---|---|
| Kev kuaj ultrasonic (UT) | Loj - txoj kab uas hla, sab hauv |
| Eddy tam sim no xeem (ET) | Cov me me - txoj kab uas hla, qhov tsis xws luag |
| Liquid penetrant testing (PT) | Nto crack detection |
Dimensional Verification:
| Parameter | Yam Ua Tau Zoo |
|---|---|
| Txoj kab uas hla | Txias-ua tiav: ± 0.005 hauv; Kub- tiav: ± 0.031 nyob rau hauv |
| Ntev | ± 0.125 nyob rau hauv rau txiav lengths |
| Kev ncaj | Qhov siab tshaj qhov sib txawv ntawm ib chav tsev ntev |
Factory Price Considerations:
| Qhov xwm txheej | Kev cuam tshuam rau tus nqi |
|---|---|
| Raw nickel nqi | Thawj tus nqi tsav tsheb; fluctuates nrog LME nickel |
| Qib | N6 feem ntau qis dua N4 / Ni200; Ni201 hwm tshaj Ni200 |
| Qhov ntev | Txheem qhov ntau thiab tsawg tus nqi qis dua li kev cai |
| Ntau | Volume kev yuav khoom ua tiav kev lag luam ntawm nplai |
| Nto tiav | Raws li - dov tus nqi qis dua hauv av lossis polished |
| Daim ntawv pov thawj | Txheem MTRs suav nrog; txhim khu kev ntsuam xyuas ntxiv tus nqi |
Tus nqi Optimization Strategies:
Xaiv qib tsim nyog:N6 tuaj yeem txaus rau cov ntawv thov tsis yog -tseem ceeb; zam dhau - qhia txog Ni201 rau kev pabcuam ambient
Standard qhov ntev:Tshuag diameters thiab qhov ntev tsis tshua kim tshaj qhov ntau thiab tsawg
Volume consolidation:Muab ntau yam kev xav tau rau hauv ib qho kev txiav txim
Mill surplus:Tau txais ntawv pov thawj cov khoom siv los ntawm cov khoom muaj npe nrov
Ntev - daim ntawv cog lus ntev:Tsim kom muaj kev sib raug zoo nrog cov neeg muab khoom siv rau tus nqi sib xws
Tau Txais Daim Ntawv Tshawb Fawb:
Txheeb xyuas cov cim sib tw yuav khoom
Tshawb xyuas MTRs kom tiav thiab ua raws
Paub meej qib (Ni200 vs. Ni201) raws li cov ntsiab lus carbon
Ua qhov ntsuas PMI ntawm tus qauv
Tshawb xyuas qhov xwm txheej ntawm qhov tsis xws luag
Txheeb xyuas qhov ntev (inch, ntev, ncaj)
Cov chij liab kom zam:
| Tus chij liab | Muaj peev xwm txaus ntshai |
|---|---|
| Tus nqi tseem ceeb hauv qab kev ua lag luam | Tawm - cov lus qhia lossis cov khoom cuav |
| Tsis muaj cov xov tooj cua sov | Tsis muaj traceability |
| Tsis tiav MTRs | Tsis tuaj yeem txheeb xyuas qhov muaj pes tsawg leeg lossis cov khoom |
| Tus neeg muag khoom tsis tuaj yeem ua PMI | Kev tswj tsis tau zoo |
| Tsis muaj cov ntaub ntawv loj npaum li cas | Rau Ni201, kev txheeb xyuas kev kho cua sov kom raug |
Cia thiab tuav:
Ib puag ncig huv:Khaws cia kom deb ntawm cov pa roj carbon steel kom tsis txhob muaj hlau paug
Kev tiv thaiv dej noo:Tsis txhob raug cov dej noo uas tuaj yeem ua rau qhov chaw corrosion
Traceability khaws cia:Xyuas kom cov cim tseem pom tau
Cov khoom sib cais:Cais los ntawm cov xov tooj cua sov thiab specification
Los ntawm kev ua raws li qhov kev lees paub zoo thiab kev coj ua zoo, cov neeg yuav khoom lag luam tuaj yeem ua tiav qhov txiaj ntsig ntawm tus nqi -nickel bar ua haujlwm zoo thaum tswj xyuas cov khoom siv ncaj ncees uas xav tau rau cov kev pabcuam txhim khu kev qha thoob plaws kev ua tshuaj, hluav taws xob, roj teeb, thiab lwm yam kev thov.
