1. W.NR. 2.4602 yog dab tsi, thiab nws muaj pes tsawg leeg ua kom muaj kev ua tau zoo tshwj xeeb hauv oxidizing thiab txo ib puag ncig?
Teb:
W.NR. 2.4602 yog Werkstoff Number designation rau nickel-chromium-molybdenum alloy nrog tungsten ntxiv, sib xws rau UNS N06022 thiab feem ntau hu ua Hastelloy C-22. Cov txheej txheem European no tau siv dav hauv lub teb chaws Yelemees thiab thoob plaws Tebchaws Europe rau cov khoom siv hauv cov cuab yeej siv siab, tshuaj cog kev tsim kho, thiab lwm yam kev thov. Ci ntsa iab tuav tsim rau qhov kev qhia tshwj xeeb no muaj qhov tshwj xeeb corrosion tsis kam hla ob qho tib si oxidizing thiab txo qhov chaw.
Chemical Composition (Per DIN/EN Standards):
| Element | Qhov hnyav% |
|---|---|
| Nickel (Ni) | Tshuav |
| Chromium (Cr) | 20.0 - 22.5 |
| Molybdenum (hli) | 12.5 - 14.5 |
| Tungsten (W) | 2.5 - 3.5 |
| Hlau (Fe) | 2.0 - 6.0 |
| Cobalt (zeeg) | Tsawg dua lossis sib npaug li 2.5 |
| Cov pa roj carbon (C) | Tsawg dua lossis sib npaug li 0.015 |
| Silicon (Si) | Tsawg dua lossis sib npaug li 0.08 |
| Manganese (Mn) | Tsawg dua los yog sib npaug li 0.50 |
Cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb ntawm Compositional:
High Chromium (20-22.5%):
Muab kev tiv thaiv tshwj xeeb rau oxidizing acids (nitric acid, ferric ions).
Ua kom ruaj khov, tiv thaiv Cr₂O₃ oxide zaj duab xis.
Qhov tseem ceeb siab tshaj ntau lwm cov nickel alloys.
Molybdenum (12.5-14.5%):
Muab kev tiv thaiv zoo heev los txo cov kua qaub (hydrochloric, sulfuric).
Txhim khu kev tiv thaiv rau localized corrosion (pitting, crevice corrosion).
Tungsten Ntxiv (2.5-3.5%):
Muab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kom muaj zog.
Txhim khu kev tiv thaiv rau cheeb tsam corrosion, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv ib puag ncig chloride.
Txhim kho siab -qhov kub thiab txias.
Ultra-Cov pa roj carbon tsawg (tsawg dua lossis sib npaug rau 0.015%):
Minimizes carbide nag lossis daus thaum vuam.
Qhov tseem ceeb rau kev tswj xyuas qhov sib txawv corrosion kuj nyob rau hauv raws li -welded mob.
Werkstoff Number System:
Werkstoff (Material) Number system yog tus qauv German (DIN) uas muab cov lej tshwj xeeb rau cov ntaub ntawv:
2. xxxxxxxxxxxxxxTsis yog -ferrous hlau thiab alloys
2.4602:Tshwj xeeb tsim cov nickel no -chromium-molybdenum-tungsten alloy
Tus lej no tau lees paub thoob plaws Tebchaws Europe thiab ntau lub khw thoob ntiaj teb, ua rau nws tseem ceeb rau kev yuav khoom thoob ntiaj teb thiab kev qhia tshwj xeeb.
Sib piv rau Lwm Lub Npe:
| Qhov System | Lub npe |
|---|---|
| Werkstoff Number | 2.4602 |
| UNS | N06022 |
| Common Trade Name | Hastelloy C-22 |
| EN Txuj | NiCr21Mo14W |
| ASTM/ASME | B574 / SWB-574 |
2. Dab tsi yog cov ntawv thov tseem ceeb rau W.NR. 2.4602 ci ntsa iab nyob rau hauv European chemical processing thiab pharmaceutical industries?
Teb:
W.NR. 2.4602 ci ntsa iab puag ncig yog teev rau cov ntawv thov uas yuav tsum tau muaj kev tiv thaiv corrosion tshwj xeeb, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob sab Europe cov qauv thiab cov kev cai tswj xyuas cov khoom siv. Lub ci tiav thiab nruj qhov ntev ntev ua rau cov kab no zoo tagnrho rau cov khoom siv precision hauv qhov xav tau ib puag ncig.
Kev Siv Tshuaj Siv Tshuaj:
Oxidizing Acid Service:
Muaj nuj nqi:Cov khoom siv hauv cov nroj tsuag nitric acid, kev ua haujlwm pickling, thiab cov txheej txheem nitration.
Yog vim li cas 2.4602 Bars:Cov ntsiab lus siab chromium muab tshwj xeeb tsis kam rau oxidizing acids.
Tej Cheebtsam:Twj shafts (DIN 24960), valve stems (DIN 3352), agitator shafts, fasteners (DIN 931/933).
Flue Gas Desulfurization (FGD) Systems:
Muaj nuj nqi:Cov khoom siv hauv cov tshuaj txhuam hniav tuav cov tshuaj chlorides, fluorides, thiab sulfuric acid.
Yog vim li cas 2.4602 Bars:Kev tiv thaiv zoo heev rau hauv cheeb tsam corrosion nyob rau hauv aggressive chloride ib puag ncig.
Tej Cheebtsam:Cov tshuaj tsuag nozzles, agitator shafts, txhawb cov qauv.
Mixed Acid Service:
Muaj nuj nqi:Cheebtsam hauv cov txheej txheem cuam tshuam nrog kev sib xyaw ntawm oxidizing thiab txo cov kua qaub.
Yog vim li cas 2.4602 Bars:Kev sib xyaw ua ke ua haujlwm hloov pauv cov xwm txheej tshwj xeeb zoo.
Pharmaceutical Industry Applications:
API Synthesis Reactor Cheebtsam:
Muaj nuj nqi:Agitator shafts, baffle kev txhawb nqa, thiab ntsuas hauv reactors.
Yog vim li cas 2.4602 Bars:Tiv thaiv kom tsis txhob muaj kab mob hlau; ua tau raws li GMP cov cai; ci tiav yooj yim los ntxuav.
High -Purity Water Systems:
Muaj nuj nqi:Cheebtsam hauv WFI (Dej rau Txhaj) systems.
Yog vim li cas 2.4602 Bars:Kev tiv thaiv zoo rau siab - dej huv thiab tshuaj tua kab mob.
European Industry Standards Ua raws li:
| Kev xav tau | Siv tau Standard |
|---|---|
| Cov Lus Qhia Txog Cov Khoom Siv Siab (PED) | 2014/68/EU |
| EN Khoom Specification | TS EN 10095 |
| AD 2000 | German technical cai rau cov hlab ntsha siab |
| DIN Standards | Ntau yam rau cov khoom tshwj xeeb |
| TUV Certification | Cheebtsam - cov cai tshwj xeeb |
Qhov zoo ntawm Bright Finish:
| Feature | Cov txiaj ntsig |
|---|---|
| Tight dimensional tolerances | Kev sib haum xeeb haum hauv precision sib dhos |
| Smooth nto (8-16 Ra) | Txhim kho kev foob; yooj yim tu |
| Kev ywj pheej los ntawm qhov tsis xws luag | Txhim khu kev ua tau zoo hauv kev pabcuam tseem ceeb |
| Ncaj ncaj ncaj | Yooj yim machining thiab sib dhos |
Yam Cheebtsam Machined los ntawm 2.4602 Bars:
| Cheebtsam | Bar Size Range | Cov Qauv Txheej Txheem |
|---|---|---|
| Pump Shafts | 20mm - 200mm txoj kab uas hla | DIN 24960 (cov khoom siv foob) |
| Valve Stems | 12mm - 100mm txoj kab uas hla | DIN 3352 (tus qauv valve) |
| Fasteners | M6 - M64 | DIN 931/933 (Ntev cov qauv) |
| Thermowells | 12mm - 50mm txoj kab uas hla | TIAB SA 43772 |
| Agitator Ncej | 25mm - 300mm txoj kab uas hla | TIAB SA 28131 |
Case Study: German Chemical Plant Valve Stems
Ib hom tshuaj German cog ua cov kua qaub sib xyaw ua rau muaj kev xeb ntawm 1.4571 (316Ti) stainless hlau valve stems. Stems yuav tsum tau hloov txhua txhua 6-8 lub hlis. Hloov stems machined los ntawm W.NR. 2.4602 ci puag ncig tuav ib DIN EN 10095 ncua kev pab cuam lub neej tshaj 6 xyoo. Lub ci tiav ua kom ntseeg tau tias kev ua haujlwm ruaj khov, thiab cov khoom ua tau raws li PED cov cai nrog EN 10204 3.1 ntawv pov thawj.
3. Dab tsi machining yam ntxwv tshwj xeeb rau W.NR. 2.4602 qaim puag ncig, thiab cov khw muag khoom nyob sab Europe zoo li cas?
Teb:
Machining W.NR. 2.4602 ci ntsa iab puag ncig nthuav tawm cov kev sib tw ntawm npib tsib xee-chromium- molybdenum alloys, tab sis cov khw muag khoom nyob sab Europe tau tsim cov tswv yim zoo rau kev tsim khoom kom zoo thaum tswj xyuas qhov ntev ntev uas yuav tsum tau ua los ntawm DIN cov qauv.
Kev txiav txim siab txog kev coj tus cwj pwm:
Nruab nrab mus rau siab zog:
Annealed tensile zog: 690-760 MPa (100-110 ksi) raug.
Yuav tsum muaj cov cuab yeej siv tshuab nruj thiab siab dua txiav quab yuam.
Yield zog: 310-380 MPa (45-55 ksi) raug.
Ua Haujlwm Hardening:
Ua hauj lwm hardens thaum lub sij hawm machining, feem ntau ntawm nickel alloys.
Kev cuam tshuam:Yuav tsum txiav hauv qab ua haujlwm- txheej tawv tawv; zam kev txiav lub teeb.
Tsawg Thermal conductivity:
Thaum tshav kub kub generated ntawm tej cheeb tsam nyob twj ywm concentrated.
Ua rau cov cuab yeej siab kub, ua kom cov cuab yeej siv nrawm nrawm.
Kev cuam tshuam:Yuav tsum tau ua kom txias thiab cua sov- cov ntaub ntawv tiv taus.
Chip Tsim:
Ua kom tawv, stringy chips.
Kev cuam tshuam:Yuav tsum tau chip breakers thiab nti tswj cov tswv yim.
European Machining Practices:
Machinery Requirements:
Rigid CNC lathes nrog siab torque muaj peev xwm.
High -cov tshuab cua txias txias (50-100 bar ib txwm).
Chip conveyors rau kev ua haujlwm tas mus li.
Kev xaiv cuab yeej (ISO Standards):
| Kev ua haujlwm | ISO Code | Geometry |
|---|---|---|
| Tig (rough) | CNMG 120408-MM | Zoo rake, chip breaker |
| Tig (tiav) | DNMG 150404-F | Wiper geometry |
| Milling | R390-11 T3 08M-MM | Siab -feed geometry |
| Drilling | TIAB SA 6539 | Carbide, coolant los ntawm |
| Xov | TIAB SA 1835 | Tag nrho profile, ntau dhau |
Txiav Parameters (Metric Units):
| Kev ua haujlwm | Ceev (m / min) | Pub (mm / rev) | Qhov tob ntawm qhov txiav (mm) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Tig (rough) | 15-25 | 0.20-0.35 | 1.5-4.0 |
| Tig (tiav) | 20-30 | 0.08-0.15 | 0.3-0.8 |
| Milling | 15-25 | 0.05-0.12 hli / hniav | 0.5-2.5 |
| Drilling | 8-15 | 0.05-0.12 hli / rev | Peck lub voj voog |
| Xov | 5-10 | Xov xov | Ntau qhov hla |
Coolant thiab Lubrication:
Flood coolant nrog EP additives tseem ceeb.
Siab -siab los ntawm- cov cuab yeej coolant (50-100 bar) rau drilling.
Rau tapping, tshwj xeeb tapping pastes (chlorine - muaj kev xaiv dawb).
Kev ua haujlwm:
Hydraulic expansion chucks rau precision.
Nthuav so rau ntev ncej (DIN 24960 yuav tsum).
Tailstock chaw txhawb nqa.
Surface Finish Capabilities (DIN Standards):
| DIN Specification | Yuav tsum tau ua tiav | Hom Achievable |
|---|---|---|
| DIN 24960 (Lub ntsej muag foob) | Tsawg dua lossis sib npaug li 0.8 μm Ra | Sib tsoo yuav tsum tau |
| DIN 3352 (Valve qia) | Tsawg dua lossis sib npaug li 1.6 μm Ra | Precision tig |
| General machining | Tsawg dua lossis sib npaug li 3.2 μm Ra | Txheem tig |
Kev Tswjhwm Zoo rau DIN EN ISO 9001:
| Tshawb xyuas | Khoom siv | Ntau zaus |
|---|---|---|
| Dimensional | Micrometers, calipers | Hauv - txheej txheem thiab zaum kawg |
| Nto tiav | Profilometer | Rau batch |
| Hardness | Rockwell tester | Rau qhov kub |
| Kev ncaj | Ncaj nraim | 100% ntawm cov khoom tseem ceeb |
Common Challenges thiab Solutions:
| Kev sib tw | Kev daws |
|---|---|
| Cov cuab yeej siv ceev ceev | Txo ceev, coated carbides (TiAlN) |
| Qhov chaw tsis zoo | Wiper inserts, txo pub |
| Chip tswj | High -paj coolant, chip breakers |
| Ua hauj lwm hardening | Khaws cov khoom noj, zam kev txiav lub teeb |
| Kev vibration | Rigid teeb, txo overhang |
4. Cov kev tswj kom zoo thiab ntawv pov thawj dab tsi siv rau W.NR. 2.4602 ci ntsa iab puag ncig raws li European qauv?
Teb:
W.NR. 2.4602 ci ntsa iab puag ncig rau cov ntawv thov tseem ceeb nyob sab Europe xav tau kev tswj xyuas kom zoo thiab ua tiav cov ntawv pov thawj raws li EN cov qauv thiab Cov Lus Qhia Cov Khoom Siv Siab (PED). Cov kev cai no ua kom muaj kev ncaj ncees ntawm cov khoom, traceability, thiab ua raws li European cov cai.
Tswj Specifications:
| Txuj | Title | Daim ntawv thov |
|---|---|---|
| TS EN 10095 | Thaum tshav kub kub resisting steels thiab npib tsib xee alloys | General specification |
| TS EN 10204 | Cov khoom siv hlau - Cov ntaub ntawv tshuaj xyuas | Hom ntawv pov thawj |
| AD 2000 Merkblatt W2 | Nickel cov ntaub ntawv rau cov hlab ntsha siab | Cov cuab yeej siv siab German |
| PEB 2014/68/EU | Cov Lus Qhia Cov Khoom Siv Siab | Kev ua raws li European |
| TIAB SA 400 | Cov ntaub ntawv cov ntaub ntawv rau 2.4602 | German kev pom zoo |
Cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj (EN 10204):
Hom 2.2 (Test Report):
Tsis yog - cov ntaub ntawv tshuaj xyuas tshwj xeeb.
Haum rau cov ntawv thov tsis yog - tseem ceeb.
Hom 3.1 (Kev Tshuaj Xyuas Daim Ntawv Pov Thawj 3.1):
Tshaj tawm los ntawm cov chaw tsim khoom, ywj pheej ntawm kev tshuaj xyuas sab nraud.
Daim ntawv pov thawj tias cov khoom ua tau raws li cov kev xav tau tshwj xeeb.
Yuav tsum tau rau siab tshaj -muaj cov khoom.
Hom 3.2 (Kev Tshuaj Xyuas Daim Ntawv Pov Thawj 3.2):
Tshaj tawm los ntawm cov chaw tsim khoom thiab tshawb xyuas los ntawm tus neeg sab nrauv sab nrauv (lub cev ceeb toom lossis tus neeg soj ntsuam tau tso cai).
Yuav tsum tau muaj kev nyab xeeb siab tshaj plaws (PED Qeb IV).
Chemical Composition Verification (Raws li EN 10095):
| Element | Kev xav tau (%) |
|---|---|
| Nickel | Tshuav |
| Chromium | 20.0 - 22.5 |
| Molybdenum | 12.5 - 14.5 |
| Tungsten | 2.5 - 3.5 |
| Hlau | 2.0 - 6.0 |
| Cobalt | Tsawg dua lossis sib npaug li 2.5 |
| Cov pa roj carbon | Tsawg dua lossis sib npaug li 0.015 |
| Silicon | Tsawg dua lossis sib npaug li 0.08 |
Mechanical Property Verification:
| Khoom | Qhov yuav tsum tau muaj (Room Kub) |
|---|---|
| Tensile zog (Rm) | Ntau dua lossis sib npaug li 690 MPa |
| Yield zog (Rp0.2) | Ntau dua lossis sib npaug li 310 MPa |
| Elongation (A5) | Ntau dua lossis sib npaug li 40% |
Tsis yog -Kev Tshawb Fawb Txog Kev Ua Phem (Rau EN Standards):
| Txoj kev | EN Txuj | Daim ntawv thov |
|---|---|---|
| Kev kuaj Ultrasonic | TS EN 10308 | Sab hauv suab |
| Kua Penetrant | TS EN 571-1 | Kev tshuaj xyuas saum npoo |
| Visual Examination | TS EN 10228-1 | Nto zoo |
Dimensional Inspection (Metric Units):
| Parameter | Kev kam rau siab (rau EN 10060) | Kev ntsuas ntsuas |
|---|---|---|
| Txoj kab uas hla (h9) | 0-0.036mm (rau 20mm bar) | Micrometer |
| Txoj kab uas hla (h11) | 0-0.090mm (rau 20mm bar) | Micrometer |
| Ntev | +2mm, -0mm | Daim kab xev ntsuas |
| Kev ncaj | Tsawg dua los yog sib npaug li 1mm / m | Ncaj nraim |
| Nto tiav | Tsawg dua lossis sib npaug li 1.6 μm Ra raug | Profilometer |
Kev kuaj Corrosion:
TS EN ISO 3651-2:
Kev txheeb xyuas ntawm intergranular corrosion susceptibility.
Ib puag ncig: Boiling ferric sulfate-sulfuric acid.
Txais: Corrosion rate Tsawg dua lossis sib npaug li 0.5 hli / xyoo raug.
ASTM G48 (yog tias muaj)
Kev ntsuas pitting kuj.
Ferric chloride xeem.
Kev kuaj tshwj xeeb rau cov ntawv thov tseem ceeb:
| Kuaj | Lub hom phiaj | Yam yuav tsum tau muaj |
|---|---|---|
| Loj Loj | Txheeb xyuas cov txheej txheem microstructure | ASTM 5-8 EN ISO 643 Kev Tswj Xyuas Kev Nyab Xeeb |
| Inclusion Rating | Kev ntsuas kev huv | Raws li DIN 50602 |
| Kev Tshawb Fawb Hardness | Txheeb xyuas qhov sib xws | Tsis pub dhau qhov txwv |
| Kev ntsuam xyuas cuam tshuam | Xyuas kom toughness | Charpy V-notch ntawm qhov ntsuas kub |
Cov ntaub ntawv pob (rau Kev Pabcuam Tseem Ceeb):
| Cov ntaub ntawv | Cov ntsiab lus |
|---|---|
| EN 10204 3.1 Daim ntawv pov thawj | Chemistry, mechanicals, kho cua sov |
| NDE Reports | UT, PT cov qhab nia |
| Daim Ntawv Qhia Dimensional | Ntsuas qhov ntev |
| Cov ntaub ntawv Traceability | Thaum tshav kub kub rau bar daim ntawv qhia |
| PED Tshaj Tawm | Ua raws li Cov Lus Qhia Cov Khoom Siv Siab |
| REACH Ua Raws Cai | Nqe lus hais txog kev ua raws li EU cov cai tswj hwm tshuaj |
| TÜV Certificate | Yog xav tau |
Cov Lus Cog Tseg:
TS EN 10095
2.4602
Loj (hli hauv mm)
Kub naj npawb
Tus neeg tsim khoom lub npe lossis lub logo
CE cim (yog tias muaj rau PED)
Ntim thiab Kev Tiv Thaiv:
Tus kheej lub tes tsho yas.
Cov kaus mom kawg (yas lossis hlau).
Ntoo crating rau export.
Kev tiv thaiv noo noo rau kev xa khoom hiav txwv.
5. Yuav ua li cas lub ci tiav ntawm W.NR. 2.4602 round bars tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo rau cov ntawv thov, thiab cov kev xav txog kev kho cua sov siv li cas?
Teb:
Lub ci tiav ntawm W.NR. 2.4602 puag ncig tuav muab cov txiaj ntsig zoo rau cov ntawv thov raug, tshwj xeeb hauv European kev lag luam uas nruj kam rau ua thiab qhov zoo ntawm qhov chaw yog qhov tseem ceeb. Kev nkag siab txog ob qho txiaj ntsig thiab kev xav txog kev kho cua sov yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev ua haujlwm zoo tshaj plaws.
Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm Bright Finish:
Dimensional Precision:
Tight tolerances (h9 los yog h11) kom zoo ib yam nyob rau hauv precision sib dhos.
Txo cov nyiaj siv ua haujlwm yuav tsum tau ua.
Zoo tagnrho rau cov khoom siv nrog tsawg kawg nkaus tshem tawm.
Nto Zoo:
Ua kom tiav (feem ntau Tsawg dua lossis sib npaug ntawm 1.6 μm Ra) txhim kho kev ua haujlwm foob.
Kev ywj pheej los ntawm qhov chaw tsis xws luag tshem tawm qhov chaw pib ua tsis tiav.
Yooj yim los ntxuav thiab tshuaj xyuas.
Consistent Properties:
Uniform microstructure los ntawm kev tswj xyuas.
Predictable machining tus cwj pwm.
Txhim khu kev ua tau zoo hauv kev pabcuam.
Aesthetic Appeal:
Kev ua haujlwm zoo rau cov khoom pom.
Txais tau rau daim ntawv thov zaub mov thiab tshuaj.
Kev xaiv kho cua sov (Raws li EN Standards):
Solution Annealing (Standard):
Kub:1060℃- 1150℃(1940℃F - 2100℃F).
Sijhawm:Txaus kom ua tiav cov kev daws teeb meem (feem ntau 30-60 feeb ib 25mm thickness).
Cua txias:Ceev ceev quench (dej los yog roj ceev ceev).
Lub hom phiaj:
Dissolve carbides thiab intermetallic.
Ua tiav homogeneous microstructure.
Optimize corrosion kuj.
Stress Relieving:
Kub:850℃- 980℃(1560℃F - 1800℃F).
Sijhawm:1-4 teev.
Cua txias:Cua txias los yog cub cua txias.
Nco tseg:2.4602 kev txhim kho kev ruaj ntseg tso cai rau kev ntxhov siab nrog kev pheej hmoo tsawg dua li qee cov alloys.
Annealed thiab Txias Drawn (Temper):
Kev kos duab txias tom qab annealing nce lub zog.
Muaj nyob rau hauv ntau tempers rau tej daim ntawv thov.
Thermal Stability Advantages:
2.4602 tau tsim tshwj xeeb nrog kev txhim kho thermal stability tshaj cov hlau ua ntej:
Tswj chemistry minimizes tsim ntawm intermetallic theem.
Ultra- carbon qis ( Tsawg dua lossis sib npaug li 0.015%) txo qis carbide nag lossis daus.
Kev sib xyaw ua ke muab qhov dav dav fabrication.
Qhov cuam tshuam rau Mechanical Properties:
| Qhov xwm txheej | Tensile zog (MPa) | Yield zog (MPa) | Elongation (%) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Kev daws Annealed | 690-760 | 310-380 | 40-50 |
| Kev ntxhov siab | 720-790 | 340-410 | 35-45 |
| Cold Drawn (Lub teeb) | 760-860 | 410-550 | 20-30 |
Kev Tshawb Fawb Txog Kev Kho Kub Kub:
| Kuaj | Lub hom phiaj |
|---|---|
| Kev kuaj Hardness | Txheeb xyuas qhov sib xws |
| Microstructural Examination | Tshawb xyuas cov dej nag |
| Kev kuaj corrosion (EN ISO 3651-2) | Txheeb xyuas qhov kev tiv thaiv corrosion |
European Practice rau Bright Bars:
| Daim ntawv thov | Pom zoo mob |
|---|---|
| Precision shafts | Cov tshuaj annealed + straightened |
| Valve stems | Cov tshuaj annealed + txias kos (tswj temper) |
| Fasteners | Lub caij ntuj sov (zoo li npau taws) |
| Cheebtsam xav tau kev ntxhov siab | Kev ntxhov siab tom qab kev ua haujlwm nyuaj |
Cov Lus Qhia rau Kev Kho Thaum Kub Kub 2.4602 Bars:
Tiv thaiv nto thaum kho cua sov (nqus, inert cua, los yog tiv thaiv txheej).
Tsis txhob kis kab mob los ntawm qhov cub hluav taws xob lossis cua (sulfur, halogens).
Txhawb tuav kom tiv thaiv sagging ntawm qhov kub thiab txias.
Xyuas kom ceev ceev quench rau kev daws annealing.
Ntxuav tom qab kev kho cua sov kom muaj kev ci ntsa iab.
Tshawb xyuas cov khoom nrog kev sim tsim nyog.
Cia thiab tuav:
Khaws rau hauv qhov chaw huv, qhuav.
Khaws cov ntaub thaiv npog.
Tiv thaiv los ntawm kev puas tsuaj.
Segregate los ntawm carbon steel los tiv thaiv kev sib kis.
