1. Q: Dab tsi yog qhov sib txawv ntawm "CP" thiab "GR" tsim nyob rau hauv ASME B348, thiab CP2, CP4, GR1, thiab GR2 cuam tshuam li cas rau ib leeg ntawm cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab cov khoom siv tshuab?
A: Qhov sib txawv ntawm "CP" thiab "GR" cov qauv hauv ASME B348 qhia txog kev hloov pauv ntawm titanium grading cov qauv thoob plaws ntau txoj haujlwm tswj hwm. Keeb kwm, "CP" (Kev Lag Luam Pure) tsim los ntawm cov dav hlau qub thiab cov tub rog tshwj xeeb, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog AMS thiab MIL-T cov qauv, qhov twg CP1 txog CP4 txhais tau tias nce cov pa oxygen thiab qib sib luag. Nyob rau hauv niaj hnub ASME B348 (the ASME version of ASTM B348), tus qauv tau txais kev pom zoo "GR" (Qib) nomenclature, uas yog qhov kev lees paub thoob ntiaj teb raws li ASTM thiab ASME cov lej.
CP 2correlates ncaj qha nrogQib 2 (GR2). Nws yog cov khoom siv dav dav tshaj plaws hauv qib siab ntshiab titanium, uas muaj cov pa oxygen ntawm 0.25% siab tshaj plaws, lub zog tensile yam tsawg kawg nkaus ntawm 345 MPa (50 ksi), thiab tshwj xeeb corrosion kuj ua ke nrog zoo ductility thiab weldability.CP4, conversely, correlates nrogQib 4 (GR4), lub zog siab tshaj plaws ntawm cov qib ntshiab kev lag luam, nrog rau cov ntsiab lus oxygen mus txog 0.40% thiab lub zog tensile yam tsawg kawg nkaus ntawm 550 MPa (80 ksi).
GR 1(uas tsis muaj qhov sib npaug ntawm CP ncaj qha nyob rau hauv plaub lub laus-tier system) sawv cev rau qib qis tshaj plaws ntawm cov khoom lag luam ntshiab, nrog cov ntsiab lus oxygen ntawm 0.18% siab tshaj plaws thiab lub zog tensile yam tsawg kawg nkaus ntawm 240 MPa (35 ksi). Nws tau teev tseg qhov twg qhov siab tshaj plaws formability thiab exceptional ductility yog yuav tsum tau, xws li nyob rau hauv sib sib zog nqus - kos Cheebtsam los yog intricate sheet hlau fabrications.
Los ntawm kev xav txog kev yuav khoom, kev nkag siab qhov kev sib raug zoo no yog qhov tseem ceeb. Cov lus qhia tshwj xeeb hu rau "CP2" yuav txaus siab los ntawm ASME B348 GR2, tab sis tus neeg yuav khoom yuav tsum xyuas kom meej tias cov khoom ua tau raws li cov kev txwv tshwj xeeb oxygen thiab cov khoom siv ntawm cov cai. Hloov pauv, "CP4" tsis yog ib qho kev lees paub hauv ASME B348 tus qauv tam sim no; Qhov tseeb niaj hnub specification yuav yog ASME B348 Qib 4. Cov kws tsim qauv qhia cov ntaub ntawv no yuav tsum siv cov qauv ASME lossis ASTM qib tam sim no kom tsis txhob muaj qhov tsis sib xws ntawm kev yuav khoom.
2. Q: Dab tsi yog qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb hauv kev tsim, weldability, thiab corrosion kuj ntawm ASME B348 GR1, GR2, thiab GR4, thiab cov khoom no ua li cas coj cov khoom siv rau kev siv lub nkoj siab thiab cov khoom siv hluav taws xob?
A: Kev xaiv ntawm ASME B348 GR1, GR2, thiab GR4 rau cov hlab ntsha siab thiab cov khoom siv hluav taws xob yog tswj hwm los ntawm kev sib raug zoo ntawm lub zog thiab kev tsim, nrog rau qhov tshwj xeeb corrosion ib puag ncig. Peb qib no sawv cev rau ib qho kev lag luam ntawm cov khoom siv titanium ntshiab, txhua qhov ua tau zoo rau qhov tsim qauv tsim nyog.
GR 1muab lub siab tshaj plaws formability thiab ductility. Nrog nws lub zog tensile yam tsawg kawg nkaus ntawm 240 MPa thiab cov ntsiab lus oxygen siab tshaj plaws ntawm 0.18%, GR1 nthuav tawm qhov tshwj xeeb elongation (feem ntau 24% lossis siab dua) thiab tuaj yeem txias - ua rau hauv cov duab nyuaj yam tsis muaj cracking. Nws yog qhov kev xaiv zoo tshaj plaws rau cov ntawv thov uas yuav tsum tau khoov loj heev, flanging, lossis kos duab sib sib zog nqus, xws li cov ntawv raj, lub taub hau ntawm cov hlab ntsha, thiab lub hauv siab nthuav dav. Nws cov weldability kuj zoo dua, nrog tsawg kawg ntawm kev pheej hmoo ntawm embrittlement nyob rau hauv tshav kub- cuam tshuam cheeb tsam. Txawm li cas los xij, nws lub zog qis dua txhais tau tias cov ntu tuab yuav xav tau kom ua tiav qhov kev ntsuas siab sib npaug.
GR 2sawv cev rau qhov zoo tshaj plaws tshuav nyiaj li cas rau feem ntau ntawm kev siv lub nkoj siab. Nrog rau qhov tsawg kawg nkaus tensile lub zog ntawm 345 MPa thiab cov ntsiab lus oxygen ntawm 0.25%, nws muab lub zog txaus rau ASME Tshooj VIII, Division 1 siab lub nkoj tsim kho thaum tuav cov formability zoo thiab weldability. GR2 yog qhov kev xaiv ua ntej rau lub plhaub- thiab- raj kub exchangers, reactor hlab ntsha, thiab cov kav dej hauv kev ua tshuaj, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau cov kev pabcuam uas muaj chlorides, chlorine ntub dej, thiab oxidizing acids. Nws qhov kev tiv thaiv corrosion yog ze li zoo ib yam rau GR1, raws li cov yeeb yaj kiab oxide passive yog sib npaug ruaj khov nyob rau txhua qib kev lag luam ntshiab.
GR 4qhov tseem ceeb ntawm lub zog tshaj formability. Nrog lub zog tensile yam tsawg kawg nkaus ntawm 550 MPa, nws tso cai rau cov phab ntsa nyias nyias, txo qhov hnyav thiab cov khoom siv. Txawm li cas los xij, lub zog nce no los ntawm tus nqi txo ductility thiab nce kev nyuaj hauv kev ua txias. GR4 feem ntau tau teev tseg rau cov ntawv thov uas muaj cov khoom siv hluav taws xob siab tam sim no, xws li siab - lub twj tso kua mis siab, fasteners, thiab cov khoom siv nyob rau hauv siab ciam teb systems. Nws qhov weldability tseem siv tau, tab sis preheating lossis post-weld heat treatment tej zaum yuav xav tau rau cov ntu tuab kom tsis txhob tawg.
3. Q: Dab tsi yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev tsim khoom thiab kev tswj xyuas zoo rau ASME B348 round bars npaj rau ASME Tshooj VIII siab lub nkoj tsim?
A: Thaum ASME B348 round bars tau txais los siv rau hauv ASME Tshooj VIII siab lub nkoj tsim-xws li rau flange bolts, nozzles, lossis kev txhawb nqa sab hauv- cov kev tswj kom zoo thiab cov ntawv pov thawj yuav tsum tau nthuav dav dhau ntawm cov khoom siv hauv paus. Cov khoom siv yuav tsum ua raws li ASME Boiler thiab Pressure Vessel Code, uas yuav tsum tau ua ntxiv rau kev taug qab, kev sim, thiab cov ntaub ntawv.
Ua ntej, cov khoom siv yuav tsum tau tsim los ntawm lub zeb uas tuav ib qhoASME Certificate of Tso Caithiab tuav ib tug zoo system raws liASME Section II, Part A(Cov khoom siv Ferrous Specifications). Cov khoom yuav tsum dais lubASME "N" stamplos yog tuaj yeem taug qab mus rau qhov chaw tso cai los tsim cov khoom siv rau kev tsim kho. Txhua bar yuav tsum tau nrog ib tug ntawv pov thawjMaterial Test Report (MTR)uas suav nrog tsis tsuas yog cov tshuaj ntsuam xyuas thiab cov khoom siv kho tshuab ntawm ASME B348 nkaus xwb tab sis kuj muaj cov lus qhia ntawm kev ua raws li ASME Tshooj II tshwj xeeb.
Thib ob,tsis yog -kev kuaj kev puas tsuaj (NDT)cov kev cai feem ntau nruj dua. Rau qhov tseem ceeb siab- khaws daim ntawv thov, 100% kev kuaj ultrasonic (UT) raug tso cai los xyuas kom tsis muaj qhov tsis zoo ntawm sab hauv xws li voids, inclusions, lossis laminations. Cov kev lees txais feem ntau yog sivASME Section V(Nondestructive Examination), nrog rau cov qauv calibration xws li tiaj- hauv qab qhov ntawm cov kab uas hla.
Peb,kev kho cua sov validationyog qhov tseem ceeb. Thaum cov qib ntshiab hauv kev lag luam feem ntau yog muab rau hauv qhov mob annealed, cov txheej txheem annealing yuav tsum tau sau tseg thiab tswj xyuas kom zoo ib yam microstructure. Rau cov tuav siv hauv cov ntawv thov bolting, cov kev xav tau ntxiv yuav suav nrog kev sim hardness (kom ntseeg tau tias muaj kev sib xws) thiab, rau kev pabcuam kub siab, kev ntsuas kev ntxhov siab.
Thaum kawg,Kev txheeb xyuas cov khoom zoo (PMI)feem ntau yuav tsum tau nyob rau theem tau txais los xyuas kom meej tias cov khoom xa tuaj sib tw nrog daim ntawv pov thawj. Qhov no yog qhov tseem ceeb tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau cov qib ntshiab hauv kev lag luam, qhov pom kev pom zoo ib yam, thiab tsuas yog tshuaj ntsuam xyuas tuaj yeem paub qhov txawv ntawm GR1 ntawm GR2 lossis GR4.
4. Q: Yuav ua li cas rau corrosion kuj ntawm ASME B348 coj mus muag ntshiab titanium bars ua nyob rau hauv tej yam tshuaj ib puag ncig xws li seawater, ntub chlorine, thiab txo cov acids, thiab dab tsi yog cov kev txwv?
A: ASME B348 kev lag luam ntshiab qib titanium (GR1, GR2, GR4) muaj npe nrov rau lawv qhov tshwj xeeb corrosion tsis kam, uas tau los ntawm kev tsim cov khoom ruaj khov, ua raws, thiab tus kheej- kho titanium dioxide (TiO₂) cov zaj duab xis passive. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov kev ua tau zoo sib txawv heev nyob ntawm qhov chaw tshuaj lom neeg tshwj xeeb.
Nyob rau hauv seawater thiab marine ib puag ncig, tag nrho cov qib CP titanium pom zoo ua tiav kev tiv thaiv corrosion. Lawv tiv taus pitting, crevice corrosion, thiab kev nyuaj siab corrosion cracking (SCC) hauv dej hiav txwv mus txog qhov kub ntawm kwv yees li 120℃(250℃F). Qhov no ua rau lawv cov khoom xaiv rau offshore platforms, desalination nroj tsuag, thiab marine heat exchangers. Lub xub ntiag ntawm chlorides tsis cuam tshuam cov zaj duab xis passive, tsis zoo li hauv austenitic stainless hlau.
Nyob rau hauv ntub chlorine roj thiab oxidizing acids(xws li nitric acid), titanium qhia tau zoo heev. Lub oxidizing xwm ntawm cov cheeb tsam no yeej txhawb thiab stabilizes passive oxide zaj duab xis. GR2 yog dav siv nyob rau hauv chlorine dioxide bleaching towers nyob rau hauv pulp thiab ntawv mills, raws li zoo raws li nyob rau hauv cov khoom siv nitric acid.
Qhov kev txwv ntawm CP titanium tshwm sim hauv kev txo cov kua qaub ib puag ncig, xws li hydrochloric acid (HCl) los yog sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄), tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau ntawm qhov kub thiab txias thiab tsis muaj oxidizers. Nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej no, cov zaj duab xis passive tuaj yeem ua rau tawg, ua rau muaj kev xeb sai sai. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv 5% hydrochloric acid nyob rau hauv chav tsev kub, CP titanium tej zaum yuav muaj peev xwm corrosion tus nqi, tab sis nyob rau ntawm 60℃los yog siab dua, tus nqi corrosion ua unacceptably siab. Ib yam li ntawd, hauv deaerated sulfuric acid, titanium tsis pom zoo.
Txhawm rau daws cov kev txwv no, cov neeg tsim qauv siv ntau lub tswv yim:
Alloying- kho dua tshiab rau titanium alloys xws li Qib 7 (Ti-Pd) lossis Qib 12 (Ti-Mo-}Ni) txhawm rau txhim kho kev txo cov kua qaub
Cov txheej txheem tswj- xyuas kom muaj cov oxidizing hom (piv txwv li, yaj oxygen, ferric
