1. Tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg
ASTM C11000 (99.90% Cu, "electrolytic tawv pitch tooj liab").
ASTM C10200 (99.95% Cu, "oxygen-dawb tooj liab," ultra- cov pa oxygen tsawg ≤0.001%).
Kev tswj impurity yog qhov tseem ceeb - cov pa oxygen ntau dhau los yog cov khoom txawv teb chaws degrade ductility thiab corrosion kuj.
Brass (Cu{0}}Zn alloy): Cu=55-95% (piv txwv li, C26000 "cartridge brass," 70% Cu + 30% Zn).
Bronze (Cu-Sn alloy): Cu=85-98% (piv txwv li, C51000 "phosphor bronze," 95% Cu + 5% Sn).
Copper-nickel (Cu-Ni alloy): Cu=60-90% (eg, C70600 "90/10 cupronickel," 90% Cu + 10% Ni).
Tshwj xeeb alloys: C17200 "beryllium tooj liab" (Cu + 1.7-2.0% Be) rau siab zog.
2. Core Mechanical & Physical Properties
3. Cov ntawv thov ib txwm (Kev lag luam-Tom ntej)
Hluav taws xob: Hlau, cables, busbars, transformer windings (C11000 / C10200).
Thermal: Kub exchangers, radiators, thiab HVAC coils (zoo heev tshav kub hloov).
Architectural: Roofing, cladding, los yog cov khoom zoo nkauj (malleable thiab zoo nkauj).
Daim ntawv luam tseem ceeb: High purity commands tus nqi hwm; cov neeg siv khoom feem ntau hais tias "oxygen-dawb" rau cov ntawv thov hluav taws xob / thermal tseem ceeb.
Brass (Cu-Zn): Valves, fittings, kav dej fixtures, hardware, thiab automotive qhov chaw (nqi-zoo, ntau yam).
Bronze (Cu-Sn): Bearings, gears, springs, and music instruments (hnav-resistant, check).
Copper-nickel (Cu-Ni): Marine piping, nkoj hulls, thiab desalination nroj tsuag (seawater resistance).
Beryllium tooj liab: Aerospace Cheebtsam, hluav taws xob txuas, thiab cov cuab yeej pwm (siab zog + conductivity).
Kev lag luam tseem ceeb: Alloys tswj hwm kev lag luam xaj vim lawv cov khoom sib npaug; cov neeg siv khoom feem ntau qhia cov qib alloy (piv txwv li, "C36000 tooj dag fittings") raws li qhov kawg - siv cov cai.
