1. Q: Lub hauv paus muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab metallurgical qauv ntawm tooj liab-Nickel 70/30 yog dab tsi, thiab ua li cas cov yam ntxwv no pab txhawb rau nws qhov kev ua tau zoo tshwj xeeb hauv kev pabcuam hauv hiav txwv thiab dej hiav txwv?
A:Copper-Nickel 70/30 (UNS C71500) yog ib qho khoom siv tooj liab uas muaj kwv yees li 70% tooj liab thiab 30% npib tsib xee, nrog kev tswj xyuas ntxiv ntawm hlau (0.4-1.0%) thiab manganese (txog 1.0%). Cov hlau thiab manganese ntxiv yog qhov tseem ceeb; lawv txhim khu kev tiv thaiv corrosion los ntawm kev txhawb nqa tsim ntawm kev tiv thaiv, adherent nto zaj duab xis uas yog ib qho tseem ceeb rau kev ua tau zoo nyob rau hauv seawater ib puag ncig.
Cov qauv metallurgical yog ib qho -theem kev daws teeb meem ntawm nickel hauv tooj liab, ua rau lub ntsej muag -centered cubic (FCC) lattice. Cov qauv no muab cov ductility zoo heev, zoo fabricability, thiab -tseem ceeb- qib siab ntawm cov khoom- kev daws teeb meem piv rau 90/10 tooj liab-nickel alloy. Cov ntsiab lus 30% npib tsib xee muaj kev tiv thaiv zoo tshaj rau impingement corrosion, yaig{11}}corrosion, thiab kev ntxhov siab corrosion tawg piv rau qis dua -nickel tooj liab alloys.
Cov txheej txheem tiv thaiv corrosion ntawm tooj liab -Nickel 70/30 yog qhov tshwj xeeb thiab tiv thaiv tus kheej -. Thaum raug dej hiav txwv, cov ntaub ntawv sai sai tsim ib daim nyias nyias, adherent, tiv thaiv nto zaj duab xis muaj feem ntau ntawm cuprous oxide (Cu₂O) nrog txheej txheej ntawm cov tooj liab complex-nickel- hlau oxy-hydroxides. Cov yeeb yaj kiab no, feem ntau hu ua "patina" lossis txheej tiv thaiv, nthuav tawm kev ruaj ntseg zoo kawg nkaus hauv cov dej hiav txwv ntws thiab nws tus kheej - kho yog tias muaj kev puas tsuaj. Cov ntsiab lus hlau (0.4–1.0%) yog qhov tseem ceeb tshwj xeeb vim nws txhim kho qhov adhesion thiab kev tiv thaiv ntawm zaj duab xis no, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv siab -ceev ceev.
Kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov yam ntxwv no ua rau tooj liab -Nickel 70/30 yog cov khoom siv zoo tshaj plaws rau kev siv dej hiav txwv tseem ceeb suav nrog:
Seawater txias tshuab rau cov chaw tsim hluav taws xob thiab LNG chaw
Cov dej tua hluav taws rau ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv platforms thiab nkoj
Desalination cog piping
Shipbuilding hull piping thiab tshav kub exchangers
Submarine thiab offshore platform risers
Cov khoom siv tiv thaiv biofouling-cov kab mob hauv hiav txwv ntawm cov yeeb nkab- yog qhov zoo dua ntxiv. Cov ntsiab lus tooj liab tso tawm cov lej ntawm tooj liab ions uas cuam tshuam rau barnacle thiab mussel txuas, tswj kev khiav hauj lwm zoo thiab txo cov kev xav tau ntawm kev saib xyuas lub neej kev pab cuam.
2. Q: Dab tsi yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev siv vuam rau tooj liab -Nickel 70/30 welded yeeb nkab, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog hais txog kev xaiv hlau muab tub lim, kev sib koom ua ke, thiab kev tswj cov cua sov?
A:Vuam Copper-Nickel 70/30 yuav tsum muaj cov txheej txheem tshwj xeeb thiab kev tswj xyuas cov txheej txheem kom ua tiav lub suab, corrosion-cov welds tiv taus uas ua tau zoo sib npaug rau cov hlau hauv cov dej hiav txwv. Cov khoom siv thermal conductivity siab tshaj -kwv yees li 10 npaug ntawm austenitic stainless hlau- thiab nws qhov rhiab heev rau kev kis kab mob xav tau kev saib xyuas zoo.
Filler hlau xaiv:Tus qauv muab tub lim hlau rau vuam 70/30 tooj liab -nickel yogAWS A5.7 Class ERCuNi(kev sib xyaw ua ke) los yogAWS A5.6 Class ECuNirau phau ntawv shielded hlau arc vuam. Cov hlau muab tub lim muaj kwv yees li 65-70% tooj liab, 29-33% nickel, 0.5-1.5% hlau, thiab 0.5-1.5% manganese. Qhov sib txuam chemistry no ua kom muaj kev sib raug zoo ntawm electrochemical nrog lub hauv paus hlau, tiv thaiv galvanic corrosion ntawm weld interface. Rau cov kev siv tseem ceeb,AWS A5.7 ERCuNi-2(70/30 nrog cov ntsiab lus hlau txhim kho) tuaj yeem raug teev rau kev txhim kho cov pas dej da dej fluidity thiab lub zog.
Kev npaj sib koom:Ua ntej vuam, txhua qhov chaw nyob hauv 50 hli ntawm thaj chaw vuam yuav tsum tau muab ntxuav kom huv si kom tshem tawm cov oxides, roj, roj, thiab cov khoom paug. Stainless hlau hlau txhuam los yog cov cuab yeej abrasive siab siv los kho qhov sib koom ua ke. Kev ntxuav tshuaj nrog acetone lossis isopropyl cawv ua raws li kev tu txhua yam. Kev siv cov tshuaj chlorinated cov kuab tshuaj tsis txaus siab, vim tias cov tshuaj chloride residual tuaj yeem ua rau corrosion hauv kev pabcuam. Kev sib koom ua ke feem ntau siv ib qho -V lossis ob npaug -V zawj nrog lub hauv paus qhov sib txawv ntawm 2-3 hli kom haum rau cov khoom siv thermal conductivity.
Vuam txheej txheem thiab cua sov input tswj:Gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW/TIG) yog cov txheej txheem nyiam rau cov hauv paus hla thiab nyias- cov yeeb nkab phab ntsa, muab cov khoom siv hluav taws xob zoo thiab cov khoom siv vuam zoo. Gas hlau arc vuam (GMAW/MIG) tej zaum yuav raug siv rau kev hla dhau thiab cov phab ntsa tuab los txhim kho cov nqi tso nyiaj.
Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov cua sov input parameter muaj xws li:
Preheating:Feem ntau tsis tas yuav tsum tau tshwj tsis yog tias qhov kub thiab txias qis dua 10 ° C (50 ° F)
Interpass kub:Khaws hauv qab 150 ° C (300 ° F) kom tiv thaiv kub tawg thiab kev loj hlob ntau dhau
Shielding Gas:100% argon lossis argon-helium sib tov rau GTAW; argon nrog 1-2% oxygen rau GMAW los txhim kho arc stability
Rov qab ntxuav:Inert gas purging ntawm lub hauv paus sab yog yuav tsum tau los tiv thaiv oxidation thiab ua kom tiav fusion
Shielding gas xaiv:Rau GTAW, 100% argon yog tus qauv rau cov hauv paus hla. Rau kev hla dhau, argon-helium sib tov (75% He / 25% Ar) tuaj yeem siv los ua kom cov cua sov nkag tsis tau nce tam sim no, txhim kho kev nkag mus thiab nrawm nrawm.
Ncej -welding kev kho mob:Tsis zoo li qee cov tooj liab alloys, tooj liab -Nickel 70/30 feem ntau tsis xav tau tom qab- vuam cua sov. Txawm li cas los xij, rau kev pabcuam dej hiav txwv tseem ceeb,ncej-welding tuyog qhov tseem ceeb. Lub weld cheeb tsam yuav tsum tau muab ntxuav kom huv si kom tshem tawm cov nplais thiab oxides, ua raws li passivation los kho cov yeeb yaj kiab tiv thaiv. Qhov no feem ntau ua tiav los ntawm pickling hauv 10-15% sulfuric acid tov tom qab ntxuav nrog dej tshiab.
3. Q: Nyob rau hauv marine thiab offshore seawater systems, Copper qhov zoo yog dab tsi -Nickel 70/30 welded yeeb nkab muab rau lwm yam ntaub ntawv xws li stainless hlau, titanium, thiab galvanized steel?
A:Kev xaiv ntawm tooj liab-Nickel 70/30 welded yeeb nkab rau marine seawater systems yog tsav los ntawm kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm corrosion resistance, biofouling resistance, fabricability, thiab lifecycle economics uas feem ntau surpasses lwm cov ntaub ntawv.
Sib piv nrog austenitic stainless hlau (304/316):Thaum cov hlau tsis muaj steel muaj kev tiv thaiv corrosion zoo, lawv muaj kev cuam tshuam rau kev tawm tsam hauv dej hiav txwv.Kev txhim kho corrosionthiabpittingyog pheej hmoo pheej hmoo, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv biofouling deposits los yog gasketed kev twb kev txuas. Ntau qhov tseem ceeb, cov hlau tsis muaj zog yog qhov yooj yim rauchloride -induced stress corrosion cracking (SCC)nyob rau hauv tensile stress-ib yam mob tshwm sim nyob rau hauv welded piping systems. Copper-Nickel 70/30 qhia tias tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam rau cov tshuaj chloride SCC thiab muaj kev tiv thaiv zoo tshaj plaws rau kev xeb. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov ntsiab lus tooj liab muab qhov tseebbiofouling tsis kam, thaum stainless hlau nto tau yooj yim txhawb kev loj hlob hauv hiav txwv, ua rau muaj kev sib txhuam ntau ntxiv thiab txo cov cua sov ua haujlwm.
Sib piv nrog titanium:Titanium muaj qhov tshwj xeeb corrosion kuj nyob rau hauv dej hiav txwv thiab yog cov khoom ntawm kev xaiv rau feem ntau xav tau daim ntaub ntawv. Txawm li cas los xij, nws tus nqi - feem ntau yog 3-5 npaug ntawm tooj liab -Nickel 70/30- thiab nws cov thermal conductivity qis qis nws siv rau cov ntawv thov uas tsis muaj lwm txoj hauv kev. Titanium tseem yuav tsum tau tshwj xeeb welding cov txheej txheem thiab muaj kev cuam tshuam rau hydrogen embrittlement nyob rau hauv tej yam kev mob. Copper{12}}Nickel 70/30 muab cov nqi sib npaug ntawm kev tiv thaiv corrosion, thermal conductivity, thiab fabricability rau feem ntau ntawm marine seawater systems.
Kev sib piv nrog galvanized steel:Galvanized steel feem ntau yog siv hauv cov dej tsis qab thiab qis -ib puag ncig corrosion tab sis tsis tsim nyog rau kev pabcuam dej hiav txwv. Cov zinc txheej yog siv sai sai hauv dej hiav txwv, ua rau galvanic corrosion ntawm cov hlau hauv qab. Copper-Nickel 70/30 muab ntau xyoo ntawm kev saib xyuas- kev pabcuam dawb hauv dej hiav txwv, hos cov hlau galvanized feem ntau yuav tsum tau hloov hauv 2-5 xyoos.
Kev sib piv nrog 90/10 tooj liab-nickel (C70600):Lub 70/30 alloy muaj superior tiv tauskev tiv thaiv corrosion(kev yaig-corrosion) piv rau 90/10, ua rau nws yog qhov kev xaiv zoo tshaj plaws rau siab - cov ntawv thov dej hiav txwv ceev (feem ntau siab dua 3 m / s). Nws kuj pom zoo tiv thaiv sulfides thiab muaj zog dua ntawm qhov kub thiab txias. Txawm li cas los xij, 90/10 yog tus nqi ntau dua- ua haujlwm tau zoo thiab tseem yog tus qauv rau qis dua - nrawm, qis - qhov kub thiab txias hauv dej hiav txwv.
Lifecycle tus nqi zoo:Thaum Copper-Nickel 70/30 muaj tus nqi pib ntau dua li carbon steel lossis stainless hlau, nws cov nqi tag nrho ntawm lub neej feem ntau qis dua vim:
Extended kev pab cuam lub neej:20-30 xyoo lossis ntau dua hauv kev pabcuam dej hiav txwv
Txo kev txij nkawm:Tsis muaj txheej los yog cathodic tiv thaiv yuav tsum tau
Cov nqi siv qis dua:Biofouling kuj tswj kev khiav hauj lwm zoo
Kev tshem tawm cov nyiaj tiv thaiv corrosion:Cov phab ntsa nyias tuaj yeem siv piv rau cov hlau carbon hlau
Kev ntseeg tau:Yam tsawg kawg nkaus ntawm kev puas tsuaj corrosion- cuam tshuam txog kev ua tsis tiav
Rau offshore platforms, LNG terminals, desalination nroj tsuag, thiab naval nkoj, cov lifecycle zoo ua rau tooj liab -Nickel 70/30 welded yeeb nkab yog cov khoom xaiv rau seawater systems.
4. Q: Dab tsi yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev lees paub zoo thiab kev kuaj xyuas tsis zoo (NDE) rau tooj liab -Nickel 70/30 welded yeeb nkab hauv siab- muaj cov kev pabcuam hauv hiav txwv?
A:Kev ncaj ncees ntawm tooj liab-Nickel 70/30 welded yeeb nkab nyob rau hauv tseem ceeb marine thiab offshore daim ntaub ntawv yuav tsum tau nruj me ntsis kev ruaj ntseg thoob plaws hauv manufacturing thiab fabrication. Cov NDE hauv qab no thiab cov txheej txheem xeem yog cov qauv kev lag luam:
Manufacturing kev ruaj ntseg:Welded yeeb nkab feem ntau yog tsim los ntawm ibASTM B 467 Cov khoom lag luam(Standard Specification for Welded Copper-Nickel Pipe) los yogASTM B 608 Cov khoom lag luam(Standard Specification for Welded Copper-Nickel Pipe rau General Corrosive Service). Cov kev qhia tshwj xeeb no tswj hwm cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg, cov khoom siv kho tshuab, qhov ntev ntev, thiab kev tsim khoom.
Nondestructive Exam (NDE) yuav tsum muaj:
| Txoj Kev Xeem | Daim ntawv thov | Kev lees txais |
|---|---|---|
| 100% Kev Ntsuas Hluav Taws Xob (RT) | Longitudinal weld seam | AWS D1.6/D1.6M (Structural Welding Code – Copper) or ASME Section VIII, UW-51; tsis muaj kab nrib pleb, tsis muaj fusion, lossis porosity tshaj qhov txwv |
| Liquid Penetrant Testing (PT) | Weld seam nto (ID thiab OD) | ASME Tshooj V, Tshooj 6; tsis muaj linear lossis round indications |
| Kev Ntsuas Hydrostatic | Txhua lub kav dej ntev | 1.5 × tsim siab los yog ASTM B467; tuav kom tsawg kawg 5 vib nas this; tsis muaj dej paug |
| Eddy Current Testing (ECT) | xaiv tau; rau tshav kub exchanger tubing | ASTM E243; calibration tiv thaiv cov qauv siv |
| Kev kuaj ultrasonic (UT) | xaiv tau; rau tuab-phab ntsa lossis cov ntawv thov tseem ceeb | ASME Tshooj V, Tshooj 4; nrhiav pom ntawm laminations los yog volumetric defects |
Kev ntsuas hluav taws xob ntsuas ntsuas:Copper-Nickel alloys muaj qhov ntom ntom zoo ib yam li cov hlau, tso cai rau cov txheej txheem X-ray lossis gamma ray txheej txheem. Txawm li cas los xij, cov khoom siv nplej tuaj yeem tsim cov duab hluav taws xob mottled; Kev raug raug tsis raug cai thiab kev ua yeeb yaj kiab yog qhov tseem ceeb kom paub qhov txawv ntawm qhov tseeb ntawm cov khoom vaj khoom tsev.
Kev sim ntxiv rau kev pabcuam marine:Rau cov ntawv thov dej hiav txwv tseem ceeb, kev sim ntxiv feem ntau suav nrog:
Kev kuaj Corrosion:Kev pov thawj ntawm kev tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv corrosion ib ASTM G111 (Cov Lus Qhia rau Kev Ntsuas Corrosion hauv Kev Kub Kub lossis Kev Kub Siab Ib puag ncig)
Sulfide kev nyuaj siab corrosion kuaj:Rau kev siv hauv cov dej tsis huv lossis sulfidogenic
Kev ntsuam xyuas microstructural:Kev txheeb xyuas cov ntsiab lus hlau thiab kev faib tawm, uas yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev tsim cov yeeb yaj kiab
Kev kuaj Hardness:Qhov siab tshaj plaws hardness txwv los xyuas kom meej fabricability thiab tsis kam mus rau hydrogen embrittlement
Welder kev tsim nyog:Welders ua haujlwm ntawm tooj liab-Nickel 70/30 yuav tsum tsim nyog raws li ASME Section IX lossis AWS D1.6, nrog rau kev tsim nyog ntawm tooj liab-nickel alloys. Lub siab thermal conductivity thiab tshwj xeeb weld pas dej ua ke yuav tsum tau tshwj xeeb kev txawj ntse tsis tau qhia los ntawm kev tsim nyog ntawm carbon steel ib leeg.
Cov ntaub ntawv:Rau cov ntawv thov tseem ceeb hauv marine thiab offshore, cov ntaub ntawv feem ntau suav nrog:
EN 10204 Hom 3.2 ntawv pov thawj(peb-kev soj ntsuam tog)
Cov ntaub ntawv xeem cov ntaub ntawv (MTRs)nrog rau cov xov tooj cua sov thiab tshuaj ntsuam xyuas
Weld mapsdocumenting qhov chaw thiab tshuaj ntsuam xyuas ntawm txhua longitudinal seam
NDE qhianrog kev txhais zaj duab xis lossis cov ntaub ntawv digital
Daim ntawv pov thawj Hydrostatic Test
Cov txheej txheem kev ruaj ntseg zoo no ua kom ntseeg tau tias tooj liab -Nickel 70/30 welded yeeb nkab ua tau raws li cov kev cai nruj ntawm kev siab siab- muaj cov dej hiav txwv hauv marine, offshore, thiab ntug hiav txwv kev lag luam.
5. Q: Los ntawm kev xa khoom thiab kev pom zoo, dab tsi yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm ASTM cov qauv, kev xav txog qhov ntev, thiab cov kev xav tau ntxiv rau tooj liab -Nickel 70/30 welded yeeb nkab hauv marine thiab desalination thov?
A:Kev yuav khoom ntawm tooj liab-Nickel 70/30 welded yeeb nkab rau marine thiab desalination daim ntaub ntawv yuav tsum tau tshwj xeeb specification ntawm siv tau ASTM cov qauv, kev tswj qhov ntev, thiab ntxiv cov kev cai uas hais txog qhov tshwj xeeb xav tau ntawm seawater kev pab cuam.
Yam ntxwv ntawm ASTM:
| Specification | Scope | Daim ntawv thov |
|---|---|---|
| ASTM B 467 Cov khoom lag luam | Welded tooj liab-nickel yeeb nkab rau kev pabcuam corrosive | Thawj qhov tshwj xeeb rau tus qauv welded yeeb nkab |
| ASTM B 608 Cov khoom lag luam | Welded tooj liab-nickel yeeb nkab rau kev pabcuam corrosive (lwm yam) | Rau kev siv dav dav |
| ASTM B466 | Seamless tooj liab -nickel yeeb nkab thiab raj | Siv rau seamless; welded yeeb nkab rau B467 |
| ASTM B111 | Tooj thiab tooj liab- alloy seamless condenser raj | Rau kev siv cua sov exchanger thiab tubing |
Chemical muaj pes tsawg leeg (raws li ASTM B467):
| Element | Kev sib xyaw (% los ntawm qhov hnyav) |
|---|---|
| Tooj | 65.0-70.0 Nws |
| Nickel | 29.0-33.0 Nws |
| Hlau | 0.40-1.00 Nws |
| Manganese | ≤ 1.00 |
| Coj | ≤ 0.05 |
| Zinc | ≤ 1.00 |
| Lwm yam khoom (tag nrho) | ≤ 0.50 |
Mechanical Property Requirements (Annealed condition):
| Khoom | Kev xav tau |
|---|---|
| Lub zog tensile | ≥ 345 MPa (50 ksi) |
| Yield zog (0.5% extension) | ≥125 MPa (18 ksi) |
| Elongation (hauv 50 mm) | ≥ 30% |
Dimensional specifications:Rau cov ntawv thov marine thiab desalination, cov neeg yuav khoom yuav tsum qhia meej:
Sab nraud txoj kab uas hla (OD) kam rau ua:Feem ntau ± 0.5% rau OD> 100 hli (4 hauv)
Phab ntsa thickness tolerances:± 10% ntawm nominal
Ncaj nraim:Qhov siab tshaj plaws 1.5 hli rau 3 m (0.06 hauv ib 10 ft) rau cov kav dej tseem ceeb
Cov yeeb nkab kawg:Beveled rau vuam (ib ASME B16.9) nrog lub hau kawg rau kev tiv thaiv
Cov kev xav tau ntxiv rau kev pabcuam marine thiab desalination:
Deg mob:Qhia txog cov khoom noj khoom haus thiab passivated sab hauv thiab sab nraud kom tshem tawm cov nplai thiab oxides. Rau siab -kev siv purity, electropolished sab hauv (Ra ≤ 0.5 µm) yuav tsum tau.
Kev kuaj Corrosion:Rau cov ntawv thov dej hiav txwv tseem ceeb, qhia kom meej qhov kev ntsuam xyuas corrosion ntawm ASTM G111 txhawm rau txheeb xyuas qhov tsis kam mus rau siab - dej hiav txwv ceev (feem ntau yog kuaj ntawm 3-5 m / s).
Kev xav txog biofouling:Thaum Copper -Nickel 70/30 inherently resists biofouling, qhia meej tias sab hauv qhov chaw tsis muaj crevices, weld spatter, los yog irregularities nyob rau hauv marine kev loj hlob yuav pib.
Welded seam zoo:Qhia meej 100% radiographic kuaj (RT) ntawm longitudinal weld seam nrog kev lees paub ntawm ASME Tshooj VIII, UW-51. Rau cov ntawv thov tseem ceeb, qhia meej tias lub hauv paus weld seam yog av flush kom tshem tawm cov crevices.
Kev txheeb xyuas cov khoom zoo (PMI):Rau cov ntawv thov hauv ntug dej hiav txwv thiab cov tub rog, qhia 100% PMI ntawm tag nrho cov yeeb nkab ntev kom paub meej tias tooj liab -nickel muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab tiv thaiv kev sib xyaw- nce nrog qis dua - cov khoom siv tooj liab.
Cov ntaub ntawv:Qhia meej EN 10204 Hom 3.2 daim ntawv pov thawj nrog thib peb -kev tshuaj xyuas rau cov ntawv thov tseem ceeb. Cov ntaub ntawv yuav tsum suav nrog cov naj npawb cua sov, tshuaj ntsuam xyuas, cov khoom siv kho tshuab, NDE cov txiaj ntsig, thiab cov ntaub ntawv ntsuas hydrostatic.
Dimensional muaj:Copper-Nickel 70/30 welded yeeb nkab feem ntau muaj nyob rau hauv:
Txoj kab uas hla:50 hli (2 nti) rau 600 hli (24 nyob rau hauv) nominal
Phab ntsa thickness:Teem caij 5S txog Teem caij 80S (txheej txheem stainless hlau sijhawm)
Ntev:Feem ntau 6 m (20 ft) lossis 12 m (40 ft) random lengths, nrog txiav - rau - ntev muaj
Kev xav tshwj xeeb:
Rau siab - cov ntawv thov dej hiav txwv ceev (ntau dua 3 m / s), qhia tias cov yeeb nkab yuav tsum tau muab tso rau hauv qhov annealed los yog kev ntxhov siab -relieved mob kom optimize tiv thaiv impingement corrosion
Rau cov tshuab uas tej zaum yuav ua rau cov dej hiav txwv tsis tu ncua (xws li cov dej tua hluav taws hauv qhov hluav taws kub), qhia cov kev kho biocide zoo dua lossis lwm cov ntaub ntawv, xws li tooj liab -Nickel 70/30 tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev xeb sai dua nyob rau hauv lub sijhawm ntev stagnant nrog kev ua haujlwm lom.
Rau desalination daim ntaub ntawv, paub meej tias compatibility nrog tej tshuaj additives (antiscalants, biocides) siv nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem
Los ntawm kev qhia txog cov kev cai no, cov neeg yuav khoom tuaj yeem xyuas kom meej tias tooj liab -Nickel 70/30 welded yeeb nkab xa cov xyoo caum ntawm kev txhim khu kev qha, kev saib xyuas- kev pabcuam pub dawb uas tau ua nws tus qauv rau cov dej hiav txwv hauv hiav txwv, cov ntug dej hiav txwv, thiab cov chaw ua haujlwm hauv ntug dej hiav txwv thoob ntiaj teb.
