1. Forging
Pure Copper (piv txwv li, T2 / C11000, C10200 OFHC): Zoo forging kev ua tau zoo. Txias forging yog tsim rau qhov me me (piv txwv li, bolts, rivets) vim muaj ductility siab; Kub forging (kub: 700-900 degree) yog siv rau cov khoom loj lossis cov khoom siv kom txo tau qhov deformation tsis kam.
Brass (piv txwv li, H62 / C26000, H65 / C27000, C36000 Leaded Brass): Optimal forging range. Hot forging (600–800°C) is preferred for medium-to-large parts; leaded brass (C36000) offers improved machinability but slightly reduced forging ductility (avoid excessive lead content >3% rau qhov tseem ceeb forged).
Bronze (xws li Tin Bronze C90300, Aluminium Bronze C63000): Tin bronze muaj qhov zoo kub forging kev ua tau zoo (750-950 degree); aluminium bronze (siab hardness) yuav tsum tau siab dua forging kub (850-1050 degree) thiab ceev txias kom tiv thaiv brittleness ntawm intermetallic theem tsim.
Txhim kho txhua yam khoom (lub zog, toughness) los ntawm refining grain qauv.
Ua kom ntom ntom, muaj qhov tsis zoo- cov khoom siv dawb nrog qhov tseeb qhov tseeb.
Haum rau siab -load, siab- kev ntseeg siab (xws li, tsheb, aerospace).
Forged tooj liab: hluav taws xob connectors, tshav kub exchanger raj, valve lub cev.
Forged tooj dag: iav blanks, yeeb nkab fittings, marine hardware.
Forged bronze: Hnyav-cov haujlwm bearings, nkoj propellers, hydraulic lub tog raj kheej pistons.
2. Machining
Ntshiab tooj liab (T2 / C11000): Nruab nrab machinability. High ductility ua rau "built-up edge (BUE)" ntawm cov cuab yeej, txo qhov zoo ntawm qhov chaw. Kev daws: Siv cov cuab yeej ntse (siab- steel ceev lossis carbide), ua kom nrawm nrawm (100–300 m / min), thiab siv cov kua txiav (emulsions lossis roj ntxhia) kom txo kev sib txhuam.
Leaded Brass (C36000 / SAE 360, C37700): Zoo heev machinability (hu ua "dawb-txiav tooj dag"). Cov hmoov txhuas ua raws li cov roj nplua nyeem sab hauv, txo cov cuab yeej hnav thiab BUE. Qhov zoo tshaj plaws txiav ceev: 200-400 m / min; haum rau siab - ntim precision qhov chaw (xws li, screws, ceev).
Tsis yog -Brass Leaded (C28000/C27200): Machinability yog qis dua cov hlau lead. Siv cov cuab yeej coated carbide thiab kho qhov tsis sib xws (qis dua, siab dua tus nqi noj) lossis ntxiv bismuth (Bi) ua cov hmoov txhuas hloov rau kev txhim kho kev ua haujlwm.
Bronze (Phosphor Bronze C51000, Aluminium Bronze C63000): Phosphor bronze muaj zoo machinability rau precision qhov chaw (xws li, springs, hu); aluminium bronze (siab hardness) yuav tsum muaj cov cuab yeej nyuaj (carbide) thiab qis txiav ceev (50-150 m / min) kom tsis txhob muaj kev puas tsuaj.
Ua tiav qhov siab qhov tseeb (kev ua siab ntev ± 0.001-0.01 hli) thiab du nto tiav (Ra 0.8-3.2 μm).
Haum rau txoj kev geometries (xws li, threads, grooves, kab noj hniav) uas nyuaj rau tsim los ntawm forging los yog casting.
Machined tooj liab: hluav taws xob terminals, cua sov dab dej, precision ntsuas Cheebtsam.
Machined tooj dag: fasteners, valve stems, gears, kav dej fittings.
Machined bronze: Bearing haiv neeg, sensor vaj tse, suab paj nruag qhov chaw.
3. Vuam
High Thermal conductivity: Copper dissipates tshav kub sai, yuav tsum tau ntau dua tshav kub input (preheating, siab tam sim no) kom paub meej fusion.
Oxidation: Copper oxidizes yooj yim ntawm qhov kub thiab txias (cov ntaub ntawv CuO / Cu₂O). Siv inert gas shielding (TIG/MIG) los yog flux (brazing) los tiv thaiv lub pas dej ua ke.
Brass Dezincification: Tsis txhob overheating tooj dag thaum vuam (kub kub<800°C) to prevent zinc evaporation and dezincification.
Welded tooj liab: Kub exchangers, tub yees pipelines, hluav taws xob busbars.
Welded tooj dag: yeeb nkab tshuab, marine fittings, hniav qauv.
Brazed bronze: Bearing sib dhos, hydraulic Cheebtsam, aerospace qhov chaw.
4. Lwm cov txheej txheem ua haujlwm
Haum rau cov khoom sib xws -puab (xws li, twj impellers, lub cev valve) uas nyuaj rau tshuab lossis forge.
Cov txheej txheem ntau: Sand casting (qis-tus nqi, qhov loj), tuag casting (siab- ntim, precision qhov chaw rau tooj dag), centrifugal casting (tooj liab / kav).
Cov qib siv tau: Brass (C26000, C36000), tin bronze (C90500), aluminium bronze (C63000).
Siv compressive quab yuam los thawb tooj liab billets los ntawm kev tuag los tsim cov ntawv txuas ntxiv (piv txwv li, hlab, rods, channels).
Kub extrusion (ntshiab tooj liab: 700-900 degree; tooj dag: 600-800 degree) yog nyiam rau siab ductility.
Daim ntaub ntawv: Copper tubes rau HVAC, tooj dag extrusion rau architectural trim, bronze rods rau machining.
Rub cov hlau, pas nrig, lossis lub raj los ntawm kev tuag kom txo txoj kab uas hla thiab txhim kho qhov chaw tiav.
Kev kos duab txias (chav kub) txhim khu lub zog thiab qhov tseeb qhov tseeb; siv rau tooj liab hlau (hluav taws xob cables), tooj dag raj (xws li), thiab phosphor bronze springs.
Siv tuag rau xuas nrig ntaus, khoov, lossis sib sib zog nqus- kos cov ntawv tooj liab rau hauv qhov chaw (xws li, ntxhua khaub ncaws, cov kaus poom, cov hluav taws xob tiv tauj).
Ntshiab tooj liab thiab qis-zinc tooj dag (H62/C26000) muaj kev ua haujlwm zoo heev vim muaj qhov ua haujlwm siab.
Precision fasteners: Leaded tooj dag (C36000) + machining.
Heavy-cov haujlwm bearings: Aluminium bronze (C63000) + forging + brazing.
Hluav taws xob cables: ntshiab tooj liab (C11000) + kos duab.
Complex valve lub cev: Tin bronze (C90500) + xuab zeb casting.
