1. Hastelloy C-2000 yog dab tsi, thiab nws qhov tshwj xeeb tooj liab ntxiv ua kom muaj kev ua tau zoo nyob thoob plaws ntau qhov chaw corrosive?
Teb:
Hastelloy C-2000 (UNS N06200) yog npib tsib xee-chromium- molybdenum alloy nrog lub siab xav tooj liab ntxiv, tsim los muab kev tiv thaiv tshwj xeeb thoob plaws ob qho tib si oxidizing thiab txo cov kua qaub ib puag ncig. Round tuav tsim los ntawm cov hlau no sawv cev rau ib qho ntawm cov khoom siv ntau yam corrosion-resistant muaj rau kev siv tshuaj lom neeg.
Tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg (A ASTM B574):
| Element | Qhov hnyav% |
|---|---|
| Nickel (Ni) | Tshuav |
| Chromium (Cr) | 22.0 - 24.0 |
| Molybdenum (hli) | 15.0 - 17.0 |
| Copper (Cu) | 1.3 - 1.9 |
| Hlau (Fe) | Tsawg dua los yog sib npaug rau 3.0 |
| Cobalt (zeeg) | Tsawg dua los yog sib npaug rau 2.0 |
| Cov pa roj carbon (C) | Tsawg dua los yog sib npaug li 0.01 |
| Silicon (Si) | Tsawg dua lossis sib npaug li 0.08 |
| Manganese (Mn) | Tsawg dua los yog sib npaug rau 1.0 |
| Aluminium (Al) | Tsawg dua los yog sib npaug li 0.50 |
Cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb ntawm Compositional:
High Chromium (22-24%):
Muab kev tiv thaiv tshwj xeeb rau oxidizing acids (nitric acid, ferric ions, cupric ions).
Ua kom ruaj khov, tiv thaiv Cr₂O₃ oxide zaj duab xis.
Siab dua C-276 (14.5-16.5%) thiab piv rau C-22.
High Molybdenum (15-17%):
Muab kev tiv thaiv zoo heev los txo cov kua qaub (hydrochloric, sulfuric).
Txhim khu kev tiv thaiv rau localized corrosion (pitting, crevice corrosion).
Piv rau C-276 thiab siab dua C-22.
Copper Ntxiv (1.3-1.9%):
Qhov txawv feature ntawm C-2000.
Qhov tseem ceeb txhim khu kev tiv thaiv rau sulfuric acid, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv nruab nrab concentrations (40-80%).
Txhim khu kev ua tau zoo hauv kev txo cov kev mob uas muaj ntau yam alloys tawm tsam.
Qhov sib ntxiv no ua rau C-2000 tshwj xeeb ntau yam thoob plaws pH spectrum.
Ultra-Cov pa roj carbon tsawg (tsawg dua lossis sib npaug rau 0.01%):
Minimizes carbide nag lossis daus thaum vuam.
Qhov tseem ceeb rau kev tswj xyuas qhov sib txawv corrosion kuj nyob rau hauv raws li -welded mob.
Tswjhwm Hlau (tsawg dua lossis sib npaug li 3.0%):
Txo kev tsim cov theem ntawm intermetallic.
Txhim kho thermal stability thaum vuam thiab fabrication.
Vim li cas C-2000 Excels hla Corrosion Spectrum:
Feem ntau corrosion-cov alloys tiv taus zoo tshaj plaws hauv oxidizing lossis txo qhov chaw, tab sis tsis tshua muaj ob qho tib si. C-2000's balanced composition-high chromium for oxidizing resistance, high molybdenum for reduce resistance, and copper tshwj xeeb rau sulfuric acid-muab tshwj xeeb versatility nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov ntau yam ntawm cov tshuaj ib puag ncig.
Sib piv rau Lwm C-Tsev Neeg Alloys:
| Alloy | UNS | Cr% | Mo% | Cu% | Lub zog tseem ceeb |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| C-2000 | N06200 | 22-24 | 15-17 | 1.3-1.9 | Universal; zoo tshaj plaws sulfuric acid kuj |
| C-276 | N10276 | 14.5-16.5 | 15-17 | - | Universal, tsim cov ntaub ntawv |
| C-22 | N06022 | 20-22.5 | 12.5-14.5 | - | Zoo heev oxidizing tsis kam |
| C-4 | N06455 | 14-18 | 14-17 | - | Siab thermal stability |
| 625 | N06625 | 20-23 | 8-10 | - | Siab zog, dej hiav txwv |
2. Dab tsi yog cov ntawv thov tseem ceeb rau Hastelloy C-2000 round bars hauv kev lag luam tshuaj lom neeg, tshuaj, thiab tswj kev ua qias tuaj?
Teb:
Hastelloy C-2000 puag ncig tuav tau teev tseg rau daim ntawv thov uas yuav tsum tau tshwj xeeb corrosion kuj nyob rau hauv ob qho tib si oxidizing thiab txo ib puag ncig, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv sulfuric acid. Daim ntawv round bar yog machined rau hauv cov khoom tseem ceeb rau cov ntawv thov tshaj plaws.
Kev Siv Tshuaj Siv Tshuaj:
Kev Pabcuam Sulfuric Acid:
Muaj nuj nqi:Cov khoom xyaw hauv cov nroj tsuag sulfuric acid, cov kua qaub tuav, thiab cov txheej txheem siv H₂SO₄.
Vim li cas C-2000 Bars:Cov tooj liab ntxiv (1.3-1.9%) muab kev tiv thaiv zoo tshaj plaws rau sulfuric acid thoob plaws tag nrho cov concentrations, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntau (40-80%) qhov twg ntau alloys tawm tsam.
Tej Cheebtsam:Pump shafts, valve stems, agitator shafts, fasteners, heat exchanger Cheebtsam.
Mixed Acid Service:
Muaj nuj nqi:Cheebtsam hauv cov txheej txheem cuam tshuam nrog kev sib xyaw ntawm oxidizing thiab txo cov kua qaub.
Vim li cas C-2000 Bars:High chromium rau oxidizing tsis kam, siab molybdenum rau txo qhov tsis kam, thiab tooj liab sulfuric acid ua rau nws muaj ntau yam tshwj xeeb.
Tej Cheebtsam:Reactor agitator shafts, valve Cheebtsam, instrumentation.
Hydrochloric Acid Service (dilute mus rau nruab nrab):
Muaj nuj nqi:Cov khoom siv hauv HCl tuav cov tshuab.
Vim li cas C-2000 Bars:Molybdenum muab kev tiv thaiv los txo cov xwm txheej.
Kev Pabcuam Nitric Acid:
Muaj nuj nqi:Cheebtsam hauv nitric acid nroj tsuag thiab tuav systems.
Vim li cas C-2000 Bars:High chromium (22-24%) muab tshwj xeeb oxidizing tsis kam.
Daim Ntawv Thov Kev Tiv Thaiv Kev Ua Txhaum Cai:
Flue Gas Desulfurization (FGD) Systems:
Muaj nuj nqi:Cov khoom siv hauv cov tshuaj txhuam hniav tuav cov tshuaj chlorides, fluorides, thiab sulfuric acid.
Vim li cas C-2000 Bars:Kev tiv thaiv zoo heev rau hauv cheeb tsam corrosion nyob rau hauv aggressive chloride ib puag ncig; tooj liab ntxiv txhim khu sulfuric acid kuj.
Tej Cheebtsam:Spray nozzles, agitator shafts, kev txhawb nqa qauv, fasteners.
Waste Incineration Systems:
Muaj nuj nqi:Cheebtsam nyob rau hauv lub kaw lus tuav corrosive combustion khoom.
Vim li cas C-2000 Bars:Resistant complex sib tov ntawm acids nyob rau hauv siab kub.
Pharmaceutical Industry Applications:
API Synthesis Reactor Cheebtsam:
Muaj nuj nqi:Cov agitator shafts, baffle txhawb nqa, thiab ntsuas ntsuas.
Vim li cas C-2000 Bars:Tiv thaiv kom tsis txhob muaj kab mob hlau; resists txhoj puab heev reagents thiab ntxuav tus neeg sawv cev.
High -Purity Water Systems:
Muaj nuj nqi:Cheebtsam hauv WFI (Dej rau Txhaj) systems.
Vim li cas C-2000 Bars:Kev tiv thaiv zoo rau siab - dej huv thiab tshuaj tua kab mob.
Lwm yam kev siv:
| Kev lag luam | Daim ntawv thov | Cheebtsam Machined los ntawm Bar |
|---|---|---|
| Marine Engineering | Seawater systems | Ncej, fasteners |
| Nuclear Processing | Roj rov ua dua | Cheebtsam hauv kev tawm tsam hnyav |
| Roj thiab Roj | Kev pabcuam qaub, ua dej | Valve stems, ntsuas fittings |
| Pulp thiab ntawv | Bleach cog khoom siv | Mixer shafts, fasteners |
| Hlau Refining | Acid leaching | Pump shafts, agitators |
Yam Cheebtsam Machined los ntawm C-2000 Round Bars:
| Cheebtsam | Bar Size Range | Machining kev ua haujlwm |
|---|---|---|
| Pump Shafts | 0.5" - 10" diam | Tig, sib tsoo, keyway txiav |
| Valve Stems | 0.25" - 6" diam | Tig, threading, sib tsoo |
| Fasteners | 0.125" - 4" diam | Xov dov / txiav, taub hau |
| Thermowells | 0.5" - 3" diam | Qhov tob qhov drilling, tig |
| Agitator Ncej | 1" - 12" diam | Tig, keyway txiav |
| Txau Nozzles | 1" - 4" diam | Tig, drilling, contouring |
Case Study: Sulfuric Acid Plant Pump Shafts
Ib tsob nroj sulfuric acid tau ntsib corrosion ntawm alloy 20 twj tso kua mis shafts nyob rau hauv 60% H₂SO₄ ntawm 180℃F. Ncej lub neej nruab nrab 12-18 lub hlis. Hloov shafts machined los ntawm Hastelloy C-2000 round tuav txuas ntxiv kev pab cuam lub neej tshaj 6 xyoo, nrog tsawg heev corrosion pom. Qhov sib ntxiv ntawm tooj liab muab kev tiv thaiv zoo tshaj plaws hauv qhov tseem ceeb ntawm qhov tseem ceeb no qhov twg tus qauv C-276 kuj qhia txog kev txwv.
3. Dab tsi machining yam ntxwv tshwj xeeb rau Hastelloy C-2000 puag ncig tuav, thiab yuav ua li cas cov khw yuav ua kom zoo dua qhov tsis zoo rau kev tsim khoom zoo?
Teb:
Machining Hastelloy C-2000 round bars nthuav tawm cov kev sib tw zoo ib yam li lwm cov nickel-chromium-molybdenum alloys, tab sis nws cov kev ua kom zoo tshaj plaws thiab ruaj khov microstructure tso cai rau kev ua tiav nrog cov txheej txheem tsim nyog.
Kev txiav txim siab txog kev coj tus cwj pwm:
Nruab nrab mus rau siab zog:
Annealed tensile zog: 100-110 ksi (690-760 MPa) raug.
Yuav tsum muaj cov cuab yeej siv tshuab nruj thiab siab dua txiav quab yuam.
Yield zog: 45-55 ksi raug.
Ua Haujlwm Hardening:
Ua hauj lwm hardens thaum lub sij hawm machining, feem ntau ntawm nickel alloys.
Kev cuam tshuam:Yuav tsum txiav hauv qab ua haujlwm- txheej tawv tawv; zam lub teeb txiav uas rub.
Tsawg Thermal conductivity:
Thaum tshav kub kub generated ntawm tej cheeb tsam nyob twj ywm concentrated.
Ua rau cov cuab yeej siab kub, ua kom cov cuab yeej siv nrawm nrawm.
Kev cuam tshuam:Yuav tsum tau ua kom txias thiab cua sov- cov ntaub ntawv tiv taus.
Chip Tsim:
Ua kom tawv, stringy chips.
Kev cuam tshuam:Yuav tsum tau chip breakers thiab nti tswj cov tswv yim.
Ua -Up Edge (BUE):
Nruab nrab nyiam rau cov khoom siv vuam mus rau txiav ntug.
Kev cuam tshuam:Cov cuab yeej ntse, nrawm nrawm / pub, thiab cov twj tso kua mis tseem ceeb.
Optimization Strategies:
Kev xaiv cuab yeej:
| Kev ua haujlwm | Pom zoo cov cuab yeej siv | Geometry |
|---|---|---|
| Tig (rough) | Carbide (C-2 qib), coated (TiAlN / AlTiN) | Zoo rake, ntse ntug, chip breaker |
| Tig (tiav) | Carbide, cermet rau kev ua tiav zoo | Wiper inserts, ntse ntug |
| Milling | Carbide, siab - feed cutters | Zoo geometry |
| Drilling | Carbide, cobalt HSS rau qhov me me | Split point, coolant los ntawm |
| Tapping | Daim ntawv kais nyiam; txiav kais tau txais | Ntsej muag, zoo -lubricated |
| Xov | Xov milling lossis ib zaug -point | Ntau lub teeb hla |
Txiav Parameters:
| Kev ua haujlwm | Ceev (SFM) | Pub (IPR) | Qhov tob ntawm Txiav |
|---|---|---|---|
| Tig (rough) | 45-85 | 0.008-0.015 | 0.050-0.150" |
| Tig (tiav) | 65-105 | 0.003-0.008 | 0.010-0.030" |
| Milling | 45-85 | 0.002-0.005 PIB | 0.020-0.100" |
| Drilling | 20-40 | 0.002-0.005 PAB | Peck lub voj voog |
| Tapping (form) | 10-15 | Matches xov suab | N/A |
Coolant thiab Lubrication:
Dej nyab qhov tseem ceeb; siab -siab los ntawm- cov cuab yeej muaj txiaj ntsig.
Siv dej- cov kua dej ua kua dej nrog EP additives.
Rau tapping thiab threading, xav txog tshwj xeeb tapping compounds.
Ua kom tiav cov dej txias kom tswj tau cov cua sov thiab dej ntws tawm.
Toolpath Strategies:
Ua kom muaj kev sib koom tes tas li yog tias ua tau.
Tsis txhob nyob hauv tsev lossis rub.
Climb milling nyiam los txo cov haujlwm hardening.
Xav txog kev ua haujlwm siab -milling rau roughing.
Kev ua haujlwm:
Rigid teeb tseem ceeb.
Hydraulic los yog precision mechanical chucks.
Txhawb nqa ntev ntev nrog kev so ruaj khov.
Surface Finish Capabilities:
| Kev ua haujlwm | Hom Achievable tiav |
|---|---|
| Rough tig | 63-125 Ib |
| Ua kom tiav | 16-32 Ib |
| Precision tig | 8-16 Ib |
| Sib tsoo | 4-8 Ib |
Common Challenges thiab Solutions:
| Kev sib tw | Kev daws |
|---|---|
| Cov cuab yeej hnav | Optimize ceev, coated carbides, txaus txias |
| Qhov chaw tsis zoo | Ua kom ceev, txo cov khoom noj, cov cuab yeej ntse |
| Chip tswj | Chip breaker inserts, siab -pressure coolant |
| Ua hauj lwm hardening | Khaws cov khoom noj, zam kev txiav lub teeb |
| Kev vibration | Ua kom rigidity, txo overhang |
Machining Sequence rau Cov Khoom Tseem Ceeb:
Roughing:Tshem tawm cov khoom siv ntau, tawm hauv 0.020-0.040 "rau kev ua tiav.
Kev ntxhov siab (xaiv tau):Rau precision Cheebtsam, xav txog kev ntxhov siab nyem anneal tom qab roughing.
Semi-Tiav:Tshuab rau hauv 0.005-0.010 "ntawm qhov kawg.
Ua tiav:Qhov kawg txiav rau qhov tseeb thiab nto tiav.
Threading / sib tsoo:Cov haujlwm kawg.
4. Dab tsi yog kev tswj hwm thiab ntawv pov thawj uas yuav tsum tau siv rau Hastelloy C-2000 round bars rau cov ntawv thov tseem ceeb?
Teb:
Hastelloy C-2000 round bars rau cov ntawv thov tseem ceeb yuav tsum muaj kev tswj xyuas kom zoo thiab ua tiav daim ntawv pov thawj los xyuas kom meej cov khoom zoo, corrosion kuj, thiab kev ntseeg tau ntev. Cov kev cai no feem ntau tshaj cov qauv ASTM specifications.
Tswj Specifications:
| Txuj | Title | Daim ntawv thov |
|---|---|---|
| ASTM B574 | Nickel Alloy pas nrig, Bar, thiab Hlau | Cov khoom tseem ceeb specification |
| ASTM B880 Cov Lus Qhia Tshwj Xeeb | General Requirements rau Nickel Alloy Qws, Bar, thiab Hlau | Cov kev xav tau ntxiv |
| ASME Section II, Part B | SIB-574 | ASME Boiler & Pressure Vessel Code |
| NACE MR0175/ISO 15156 | Petroleum thiab natural gas industries | Cov kev pabcuam qaub |
Cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj yuav tsum muaj:
Mill Test Report (MTR):
Certified tshuaj ntsuam xyuas ib lub tshav kub.
Kev txheeb xyuas cov cuab yeej cuab tam (tensile, yield, elongation).
Kev kho cua sov daim ntawv pov thawj.
Traceability los ntawm yaj mus rau tiav bar.
Thaum tshav kub kub Traceability:
Txhua bar cim nrog tus lej kub.
Daim ntawv qhia ntawm cov tuav rau cov cua sov tshwj xeeb khaws cia.
Positive Material Identification (PMI):
Feem ntau xav tau rau cov ntawv thov tseem ceeb.
Txheeb xyuas qib ntawm txhua qhov bar (100% kev soj ntsuam ntau).
X-ray fluorescence (XRF) lossis optical emission spectroscopy (OES).
Chemical Composition Verification (ASTM B574):
| Element | Kev xav tau (%) |
|---|---|
| Nickel | Tshuav |
| Chromium | 22.0 - 24.0 |
| Molybdenum | 15.0 - 17.0 |
| Tooj | 1.3 - 1.9 |
| Hlau | Tsawg dua los yog sib npaug rau 3.0 |
| Cobalt | Tsawg dua los yog sib npaug rau 2.0 |
| Cov pa roj carbon | Tsawg dua los yog sib npaug li 0.01 |
| Silicon | Tsawg dua lossis sib npaug li 0.08 |
| Manganese | Tsawg dua los yog sib npaug rau 1.0 |
Mechanical Property Verification:
| Khoom | Annealed Requirement |
|---|---|
| Tensile zog | 100 ksi (690 MPa) min |
| Yield zog (0.2% offset) | 45 ksi (310 MPa) min |
| Elongation | 45% min |
Tsis yog -Kev Tshawb Fawb Kev Ua Phem (NDE):
| Txoj kev | Daim ntawv thov | Lub Hom Phiaj |
|---|---|---|
| Kev kuaj ultrasonic (UT) | Loj diameters, kev siv tseem ceeb | Inclusions, voids, tawg |
| Eddy Current Testing (ET) | Cov kab me me, kev tshuaj xyuas saum npoo | Nto seams, laps, tawg |
| Cov kua dej Penetrant (PT) | Bar xaus, xav tias thaj chaw | Nto tawg, laps |
| Visual Examination (VT) | 100% ntawm bar nto | Surface defects, finish quality |
Dimensional soj ntsuam:
| Parameter | Kev kam rau siab (rau ASTM B574) | Kev ntsuas ntsuas |
|---|---|---|
| Txoj kab uas hla | +0.000", -0.005" to -0.020" (loj nyob ntawm) | Micrometer, calipers |
| Ntev | +0.125" rau +0.250", -0" | Daim kab xev ntsuas |
| Kev ncaj | 1/8 "hauv 3 ko taw (tseem) | Straightedge, feeler gauge |
| Nto tiav | Raws li tau teev tseg (feem ntau 63-125 Ra) | Kev pom, profileometer |
| Ovality | Nyob rau hauv txoj kab uas hla kam rau ua | Calipers, micrometer |
Kev kuaj Corrosion:
ASTM G28 Txoj Kev A:
Lub hom phiaj:Nthuav susceptibility rau intergranular corrosion.
Ib puag ncig:Boiling ferric sulfate -sulfuric acid.
Txais:Corrosion tus nqi Tsawg dua los yog sib npaug rau 0.5 hli / xyoo raug.
ASTM G28 Txoj Kev B:
Lub hom phiaj:Ntsuam xyuas kev tiv thaiv corrosion.
ASTM G48 (Pitting kuj):
Lub hom phiaj:Ntsuas qhov tsis kam ntawm pitting corrosion.
Ib puag ncig:Ferric chloride tov.
Yam yuav tsum tau muaj:Tsis muaj pitting ntawm 25℃rau 24 teev.
Kev kuaj tshwj xeeb rau cov ntawv thov tseem ceeb:
| Kuaj | Lub hom phiaj | Yam yuav tsum tau muaj |
|---|---|---|
| Loj Loj | Txheeb xyuas cov txheej txheem microstructure | ASTM 5-8 rau ASTM E112 |
| Inclusion Rating | Kev ntsuas kev huv | Raws li ASTM E45 |
| Kev Tshawb Fawb Hardness | Txheeb xyuas qhov sib xws | Tsis pub dhau qhov txwv |
| Microstructural Examination | Txheeb xyuas cov theem kom raug | Tsis muaj kev puas tsuaj los nag |
| NWS TM0177 | Sulfide kev nyuaj siab tawg | Rau kev pabcuam qaub |
| Kev ntsuam xyuas cuam tshuam | Xyuas kom toughness | Charpy V-notch ntawm qhov ntsuas kub |
Cov ntaub ntawv pob:
| Cov ntaub ntawv | Cov ntsiab lus |
|---|---|
| Certified Mill Test Report | Chemistry, mechanicals, kho cua sov |
| NDE Reports | UT, ET, PT cov txiaj ntsig |
| Dimensional Inspection Report | Ntsuas qhov ntev |
| PMI Report | Kev txheeb xyuas qib |
| Corrosion Test Reports | ASTM G28, G48 cov ntsiab lus |
| NACE ua raws | Yog muaj |
| Daim Ntawv Pov Thawj Ua Raws Cai | Specification ua raws |
Cov Lus Cog Tseg:
ASTM B574
Qib (UNS N06200)
Loj (inch × ntev)
Kub naj npawb
Tus neeg tsim khoom lub npe
Lub teb chaws ntawm keeb kwm
5. Yuav ua li cas ntxiv tooj liab nyob rau hauv Hastelloy C-2000 txhim khu nws cov kev ua tau zoo nyob rau hauv sulfuric acid, thiab dab tsi yog cov kev txwv ntawm cov alloy?
Teb:
Lub hom phiaj tooj liab ntxiv (1.3-1.9%) yog qhov kev txhais ntawm Hastelloy C-2000, qhov txawv ntawm lwm yam C-tsev neeg alloys. Qhov sib ntxiv no ua kom muaj txiaj ntsig zoo hauv sulfuric acid thiab muab cov txiaj ntsig tshwj xeeb thoob plaws qhov corrosion spectrum.
Mechanism ntawm Copper Enhancement:
Sulfuric Acid Resistance:
Tooj liab txhim kho tsis kam mus rau sulfuric acid nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov concentrations.
Cov nyhuv yog feem ntau hais nyob rau hauv nruab nrab concentration ntau (40-80%) qhov twg ntau alloys qhia peak corrosion.
Copper txhawb kev tsim kom ruaj khov, tiv thaiv zaj duab xis nyob rau hauv ib puag ncig sulfuric acid.
Synergistic nyhuv nrog Molybdenum:
Copper thiab molybdenum ua haujlwm sib koom ua ke los txhim kho kev txo cov kua qaub.
Qhov kev sib xyaw ua ke no muab kev ua haujlwm zoo dua li ob qho tib si ib leeg.
Expanded Passive Range:
Copper txuas ntxiv qhov ntau ntawm qhov muaj peev xwm tshaj qhov uas cov hlau tseem nyob tsis tau.
Qhov no txhais tau tias zoo dua tiv thaiv hauv zos corrosion nyob rau hauv ib puag ncig sib xyaw.
Kev ua tau zoo hauv sulfuric acid:
| Nco ntsoov | Kub | C-2000 Performance | Sib piv rau C-276 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 0-20% | Tag nrho cov temps | Zoo heev | Sib piv |
| 20-40% | Nruab nrab | Zoo heev | Zoo dua |
| 40-60% | Nruab nrab | Zoo heev | Zoo heev |
| 60-80% | Nruab nrab | Zoo | Zoo dua |
| 80-95% | Ambient | Ncaj ncees | Sib piv |
| 95-98% | Ambient | Zoo heev (oxidizing) | Zoo |
Kev ua tau zoo hauv Mixed Acids:
Cov tooj liab ntxiv kuj tseem txhim kho kev ua haujlwm hauv:
Sulfuric / Hydrochloric sib tov:Feem ntau hauv ntau cov txheej txheem tshuaj.
Sulfuric / Nitric sib tov:Qhov twg ob qho tib si oxidizing thiab txo cov xwm txheej tshwm sim.
Phosphoric acid nrog sulfuric impurities:Kev siv chiv.
Qhov zoo dua lwm cov alloys:
| Ib puag ncig | C-2000 Advantage |
|---|---|
| 50% H₂SO₄, 150℃F | 2-3 × qis dua tus nqi qis dua C-276 |
| FGD dej cawv | Kev tiv thaiv zoo dua li C-22 |
| Cov kua qaub sib xyaw | Feem ntau ntau yam ib leeg alloy |
Kev txwv ntawm C-2000:
Tus nqi siab:
hwm alloy; kim kim tshaj stainless hlau.
Tus nqi yuav tsum raug txiav txim siab los ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntev.
Halide txwv:
Thaum zoo heev, tsis tiv thaiv pitting hauv huab cua chloride ib puag ncig.
Kub thiab concentration txwv tseem siv tau.
Oxidizing Limits:
Very high oxidizing potentials (concentrated nitric acid >90%) tuaj yeem sib tw txawm tias cov ntsiab lus chromium siab.
Tshwj xeeb alloys (xws li zirconium) tej zaum yuav xav tau rau huab oxidizing tej yam kev mob.
Kub txwv:
Qhov kev pabcuam kub siab tshaj plaws nyob ntawm ib puag ncig.
Tshaj 800℃F, txhua yam khoom txo qis.
Fabrication nqi:
Yooj yim rau tshuab; ntau fabrication nqi tshaj stainless hlau.
Yuav tsum muaj cov txheej txheem vuam tshwj xeeb.
Designer's Checklist:
| Kev txiav txim siab | Kev ua |
|---|---|
| Ib puag ncig txhais lus | Cov ntaub ntawv txhua hom, concentrations, kub |
| Sulfuric Acid tam sim no | Xav txog C-2000 rau nruab nrab concentrations |
| Tus nqi -Kev Tshawb Fawb Txog Kev Pabcuam | Piv rau C-276, C-22 rau ib puag ncig tshwj xeeb |
| Fabrication Muaj peev xwm | Ua kom muaj kev paub hauv khw nrog nickel alloys |
| Kev soj ntsuam yuav tsum tau | Npaj rau NDE thiab kuaj corrosion |
Case Study: Sulfuric Acid Heat Exchanger Cheebtsam
Cov nroj tsuag tshuaj ua haujlwm 60% H₂SO₄ ntawm 180℃F ntsib corrosion ntawm C-276 tshav kub exchanger khi rods thiab spacers. Corrosion tus nqi ntawm 0.3-0.5 hli / xyoo yuav tsum tau hloov txhua 3-4 xyoo. Hloov cov khoom siv los ntawm C-2000 round bars pom cov nqi corrosion qis dua 0.1 hli / xyoo, ncua kev pab cuam lub neej tshaj 10 xyoo. Cov tooj liab ntxiv tau muab qhov kev txhim kho tseem ceeb hauv qhov nruab nrab concentration ntau yam.
