Corrosion kuj yam ntxwv thiab kev siv ntawm cov khoom siv tshwj xeeb hlau feem ntau siv
1. Titanium thiab titanium alloys
Kev tsim cov titanium alloys hauv Suav teb yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv kev sib txuas nrog cov teb chaws txawv teb chaws, tab sis nws cov kev txhawb nqa thiab daim ntawv thov poob qis, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau pej xeem siv. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, vim muaj kev sib tw tsis zoo ntawm cov khoom siv titanium txawv teb chaws thiab qee lub tuam txhab ua cov cuab yeej siv hauv xyoo tas los no, qee lub tuam txhab tsis muaj peev xwm tsim khoom thiab qee lub tuam txhab me me thiab nruab nrab hauv nroog tau siv cov khoom tsis zoo lossis cov khoom tsis zoo, uas tau cuam tshuam. cov khoom siv titanium ua lag luam rau qee yam. Nws ua rau cov khoom lag luam tham txog "titanium" discoloration. Yog li ntawd, qhov xwm txheej no tseem ua lub luag haujlwm hauv kev cuam tshuam kev txhim kho ntawm Tuam Tshoj cov khoom siv titanium kev lag luam. Nws yuav tsum tau nyiam cov chaw saib xyuas kev tswj hwm thiab yuav tsum tau ua raws li kev ceeb toom rau lwm cov ntaub ntawv tshwj xeeb uas tau tsim. .
Feem ntau siv cov qib titanium (nrog rau cov khoom siv hauv tebchaws)
1. Corrosion kuj yam ntxwv ntawm titanium
Titanium yog cov hlau uas muaj lub zog muaj zog rau passivate. Nws tuaj yeem ua kom ruaj khov oxidative tiv thaiv zaj duab xis hauv huab cua thiab hauv oxidizing lossis nruab nrab aqueous daws. Txawm hais tias cov yeeb yaj kiab puas vim qee yam, nws tuaj yeem rov qab tau sai thiab zoo. Yog li ntawd, titanium muaj zoo heev corrosion kuj nyob rau hauv oxidizing thiab nruab nrab xov xwm.
Vim tias qhov kev ua tau zoo ntawm kev ua haujlwm zoo ntawm titanium, ntau zaus, thaum sib cuag nrog cov hlau sib txawv, nws tsis nrawm dua corrosion, tab sis tuaj yeem ua kom cov hlau sib txawv. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv qis-concentration non-oxidizing acids, yog Pb, Sn, Cu los yog Monel alloy raug tiv tauj nrog titanium los ua ib tug galvanic ob peb, corrosion ntawm cov ntaub ntawv no yuav ceev, thaum titanium yuav tsis cuam tshuam. Nyob rau hauv hydrochloric acid, thaum titanium los rau hauv kev sib cuag nrog tsawg carbon steel, tshiab hydrogen yog generated nyob rau hauv titanium nto, uas rhuav tshem cov titanium oxide zaj duab xis, uas tsis tsuas yog ua rau hydrogen embrittlement ntawm titanium, tab sis kuj accelerates titanium corrosion. Qhov no tej zaum yuav yog vim titanium yog heev resistant rau hydrogen. vim kev ua.
Cov ntsiab lus hlau hauv titanium muaj feem cuam tshuam rau kev tiv thaiv corrosion hauv qee qhov xov xwm. Ntxiv nrog rau cov khoom siv raw, qhov laj thawj ntawm kev nce hauv cov hlau feem ntau yog cov hlau tsis huv nkag mus rau hauv cov hlaws hlaws thaum lub sij hawm vuam, ua rau cov ntsiab lus hlau hauv zos hauv cov hlaws weld nce. Qhov Corrosion no muaj qhov tsis sib xws. Thaum cov khoom siv hlau siv los txhawb cov khoom siv titanium, cov hlau tsis huv ntawm cov hlau-titanium kev sib cuag saum npoo yog yuav luag inevitable. Corrosion yog nrawm nyob rau hauv cov hlau tsis huv, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum muaj hydrogen. Thaum cov titanium oxide zaj duab xis nyob rau ntawm qhov chaw tsis huv yog mechanically puas, hydrogen nkag mus rau hauv cov hlau. Nyob ntawm tej yam kev mob xws li kub thiab siab, hydrogen diffuses raws li, uas ua rau sib txawv degrees ntawm hydrogen embrittlement nyob rau hauv titanium. Yog li ntawd, thaum titanium siv nyob rau hauv nruab nrab kub thiab nruab nrab siab thiab hydrogen-muaj tshuab, yuav tsum tau zam cov hlau deg.
Nyob rau hauv ib txwm muaj xwm txheej, titanium tsis raug kev txom nyem los ntawm pitting corrosion.
Titanium kuj tseem muaj kev tiv thaiv corrosion qaug zog.
Titanium muaj kev tiv thaiv corrosion zoo, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog Ti-0.3Mo-0.8Ni thiab Ti-0.2Pd alloys. Yog li ntawd, Ti-0.3Mo-0.8Ni thiab Ti-0.2Pd alloys tau dav siv los ua cov khoom sib khi rau cov khoom ntim khoom los daws cov teeb meem ntawm Crevice corrosion ntawm cov khoom siv sealing nto.
2. Kev siv cov khoom siv titanium
Vim nws zoo heev corrosion kuj, titanium cov ntaub ntawv yog dav siv nyob rau hauv roj av, tshuaj kev lag luam, ntsev ntau lawm, tshuaj, metallurgy, electronics, aviation, aerospace, marine thiab lwm yam kev lag luam.
Titanium muaj kev tiv thaiv zoo heev rau feem ntau cov ntsev daws. Piv txwv li, titanium yog corrosion-resistant dua li high-chromium nickel steel hauv cov tshuaj chloride thiab tsis muaj pitting corrosion. Txawm li cas los xij, tus nqi corrosion yog siab dua nyob rau hauv aluminium trichloride, uas muaj feem xyuam rau kev tsim cov concentrated hydrochloric acid tom qab txhuas trichloride yog hydrolyzed. Titanium kuj muaj kev ruaj ntseg zoo rau kub sodium chlorite thiab ntau yam ntawm hypochlorite. Yog li ntawd, titanium cov ntaub ntawv yog dav siv nyob rau hauv nqus ntsev ntau lawm thiab bleaching hmoov industries.
Titanium muaj qhov zoo corrosion kuj rau feem ntau alkaline daws. Titanium kuj tseem ruaj khov nyob rau hauv sodium hydroxide thiab potassium hydroxide daws nrog cov concentrations tsawg dua 50%. Yog hais tias cov tshuaj alkaline muaj cov tshuaj chloride ions lossis chlorides, nws cov kev tiv thaiv corrosion txawm tshaj li cov npib tsib xee thiab zirconium. Txawm li cas los xij, thaum kub thiab concentration nce, corrosion yuav nce. Kev lag luam chlor-alkali tam sim no yog qhov loj tshaj plaws ntawm kev siv titanium hauv tsev.
Titanium tsis yog corrosion-resistant nyob rau hauv qhuav chlorine thiab yog hluav taws kub, tab sis nws muaj siab stability nyob rau hauv moist chlorine, tshaj zirconium, Hastelloy C thiab Monel, thiab txawm nyob rau hauv sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid thiab saturated chlorine. Nws kuj tseem ruaj khov hauv kev tshaj tawm xws li chloride, yog li titanium yog thawj cov khoom siv rau cov khoom siv tseem ceeb hauv kev tsim cov titanium dioxide los ntawm txoj kev sulfuric acid.
Vim tias titanium muaj kev tiv thaiv corrosion zoo hauv hydrocarbons, nws kuj zoo txawm tias nws muaj cov kua qaub thiab chloride impurities. Yog li, cov ntaub ntawv titanium kuj tau siv dav hauv cov tshuaj organic, xws li PTA (purified terephthalic acid), PVA (vinylon), thiab lwm yam.
Titanium muaj kev tiv thaiv zoo heev hauv dej hiav txwv, yog li titanium kuj tau siv dav hauv marine teb xws li offshore roj drilling platforms thiab seawater desalination.
2. Nickel thiab nickel-based alloys
1. Kev tsim khoom hauv tsev ntawm nickel thiab nickel-based alloys
Kev lag luam hauv tsev ntshiab nickel tuaj yeem tsim los ntawm nws tus kheej, tab sis qee qhov nickel-raws li alloys feem ntau vam khom rau kev xa khoom.
Hom npib tsib xee thiab npib tsib xee-raws li alloys (qee muaj cov khoom siv hauv teb chaws)
Feem ntau siv nickel thiab npib tsib xee-raws li alloy qauv muaj xws li: npib tsib xee N6 ntshiab; Monel 400; Hastelloy B, Hastelloy B-2; Hastelloy C-276, thiab lwm yam.
2. Corrosion kuj ntawm npib tsib xee thiab npib tsib xee-raws li alloys
Nickel muaj kev nyiam ntau dua kom dhau mus rau hauv lub xeev passive. Ntawm qhov kub thiab txias, qhov saum npoo ntawm npib tsib xee yog npog nrog oxide zaj duab xis, uas ua rau nws corrosion resistant nyob rau hauv dej thiab ntau ntsev aqueous daws.
Nickel yog qhov ruaj khov heev ntawm chav tsev kub hauv cov tsis-oxidizing dilute acids, xws li<15% hydrochloric acid, <17% sulfuric acid and many organic acids. However, when adding oxidants (FeCl2, CuCl2, HgCl2, AgNO3 and hypochlorite) and ventilation, the corrosion rate of nickel increases significantly.
Nickel yog ruaj khov nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov kev daws teeb meem alkaline, txawm tias kub kub lossis molten alkali. Qhov no yog tus yam ntxwv zoo ntawm nickel.
Monel alloy yog corrosion-resistant ntau dua nickel hauv kev txo cov xov xwm, thiab corrosion-resistant ntau dua tooj liab hauv oxidizing media. Nws yog corrosion-resistant ntau dua nickel thiab tooj liab hauv phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, ntsev tov thiab organic acids.
Nyob rau hauv ib qho concentration ntawm hydrofluoric acid, Monel alloy yog heev resistant rau corrosion thaum oxygen tsis nkag mus rau ntau. Txawm li cas los xij, thaum muaj aeration thiab oxidants nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj, los yog thaum muaj teeb meem impurities xws li hlau ntsev thiab tooj liab ntsev nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj, nws tsis kam mus rau hydrofluoric acid txo. Ntawm cov ntaub ntawv hlau, sib nrug ntawm platinum thiab nyiaj, nws yog ib qho ntawm cov ntaub ntawv zoo tshaj plaws uas tiv taus hydrofluoric acid corrosion.
Nws yog corrosion-resistant heev nyob rau hauv caustic alkali daws, tab sis thaum lub concentration ntawm sodium hydroxide siab heev, txawm hais tias cov corrosion kuj ntawm Monel alloy yog phem dua li cov npib tsib xee, nws tseem alkali-resistant dua lwm yam ntaub ntawv hlau.
Monel alloy yog qhov ua rau muaj kev ntxhov siab corrosion tawg thiab yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws siv tom qab annealing ntawm 530-650 degree kom tshem tawm kev ntxhov siab.
Hastelloy alloys uas nquag siv yog Hastelloy B (B-2, B-3) thiab Hastelloy C-276. Lawv muaj corrosion kuj siab nyob rau hauv non-oxidizing inorganic acids thiab organic acids, xws li tsis kam mus rau 70 degree dilute sulfuric acid, resistant rau tag nrho cov concentrations ntawm hydrochloric acid, phosphoric acid, acetic acid thiab formic acid, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog kub concentrated hydrochloric acid.
Hastelloy yog ruaj khov nyob rau hauv caustic thiab alkaline daws thiab ruaj khov nyob rau hauv cov organic media, seawater thiab dej tshiab.
Peb cov tooj liab dawb (B10, B30)
Cupronickel yog tooj liab-nickel alloy. Cupronickel tuaj yeem tsim tawm hauv tsev thiab yog tsim los ntawm Luoyang Copper.
Kev tiv thaiv corrosion ntawm tooj liab dawb yog qhov zoo ib yam li cov tooj liab ntshiab. Kev xeb hnyav yuav tshwm sim hauv cov kua qaub inorganic, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nitric acid. Txawm li cas los xij, hydrofluoric acid nrog cov concentration ntawm<70% is corrosion-resistant in the absence of oxygen and below the boiling point. White copper does not corrode greatly in organic acids, and the corrosion rate is very small in alkaline solutions and organic compounds.
Hauv cov txheej txheem caustic soda lossis hauv diaphragm electrolytic caustic soda, B30 (70-30 tooj liab-nickel alloy tuaj yeem siv los hloov cov npib tsib xee ntshiab los tsim cov khoom siv evaporator, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov zaj duab xis ntog. Nws tsis tuaj yeem txhim kho cov kev pabcuam. Lub neej, tab sis kuj Txuag 70% ntawm npib tsib xee. B10 (91-9 tooj liab-nickel alloy) kuj tseem tuaj yeem hloov cov nickel ntshiab los tsim cov raj evaporation, evaporation chambers thiab lwm yam khoom siv ntawm cov evaporators nce siab.
Cov tooj liab dawb muaj kev tiv thaiv corrosion siab hauv dej hiav txwv, yog li cov khoom siv hluav taws xob ua kom txias los ntawm dej hiav txwv feem ntau siv B10 thiab B30 dawb tooj liab.
Plaub cov khoom siv zirconium
Feem ntau siv zirconium thiab zirconium alloy qib suav nrog: non-nuclear zirconium R60702, R60703, R60704, R60705, thiab R60706.
Txawm hais tias Tuam Tshoj tsis muaj cov lus qhia tshwj xeeb rau zirconium thiab zirconium alloy ntim, nws tau tuaj yeem tsim cov khoom siv zirconium rau kev siv nuclear thiab tsis muaj nuclear.
Zirconium muaj kev tiv thaiv corrosion zoo dua li stainless hlau, npib tsib xee-raws li alloys, thiab titanium. Nws cov khoom siv kho tshuab thiab cov txheej txheem cov khoom kuj tseem tsim nyog rau kev tsim cov ntim khoom thiab cov khoom siv hluav taws xob. Txawm li cas los xij, vim nws tus nqi siab, nws tsis tshua siv yav dhau los. Txawm li cas los xij, nrog kev txhim kho ntawm kev lag luam tshuaj lom neeg hauv tsev, ntau cov khoom siv corrosive ntau zuj zus siv cov ntaub ntawv zirconium, uas txhim kho cov cuab yeej siv lub neej thiab kev ntseeg tau zoo thiab ua tiav cov txiaj ntsig kev lag luam zoo dua. Tam sim no, thev naus laus zis los ntawm kev tsim cov khoom siv zirconium mus rau kev tsim, tsim khoom thiab tshuaj xyuas cov cuab yeej tau dhau los ua neeg paub tab, muab lub hauv paus rau kev siv dav ntawm zirconium ntim.
5. Tantalum cov ntaub ntawv (Ta1, Ta2, TaNb3, TaNB20)
Tantalum muaj tshuaj lom neeg ruaj khov thiab tiv taus tshuaj lom neeg corrosion thiab atmospheric corrosion hauv qab 150 degree. Nws yog corrosion-resistant txawm nyob rau hauv polluted industrial cua.
Tantalum yog resistant rau hydrochloric acid thiab nitric acid ntawm tej concentration ntawm boiling kub, thiab mus rau ib tug tov acid uas muaj xws li fuming nitric acid thiab fuming sulfuric acid los ntawm chav tsev kub mus rau 150 degree. Tsuas yog hydrofluoric acid, fuming sulfur trioxide, thiab high-temperature concentrated sulfuric acid thiab concentrated phosphoric acid, tantalum yog ruaj khov rau lwm cov kua qaub.
Tantalum muaj kev ruaj ntseg hauv acidic thiab alkaline tshaj tawm hauv qab 200 degree, txawm tias siab dua kub thiab platinum.
Tantalum muaj cov tsis zoo corrosion kuj nyob rau hauv concentrated alkali daws. Tsis tiv taus cov poov tshuaj iodide thiab cov tshuaj uas muaj fluoride ions.
Lub corrosion ntawm tantalum yog ib yam thiab zoo corrosion kuj, insensitive rau txiav, thiab tsis ua rau lub zos hom ntawm corrosion xws li corrosion qaug zog thiab corrosion cracking. Cov yam ntxwv ntawm tantalum no tuaj yeem siv los ua cov ntaub ntawv txheej thiab hauv ob sab phlu.
6. Lwm yam khoom siv hlau tshwj xeeb
1. Duplex hlau
Tsawg-qib duplex stainless hlau (Hom 2304)
Standard Duplex Stainless Hlau (Hom 2205)
Super Duplex Stainless Hlau (Hom 2507)
Rau ferritic-austenitic duplex stainless hlau, nws muaj cov yam ntxwv ntawm ob qho tib si ferritic hlau thiab austenitic hlau. Lub xub ntiag ntawm austenite txo qhov brittleness ntawm high-chromium ferritic steel, tiv thaiv txoj kev loj hlob ntawm grain, thiab txhim kho lub toughness thiab weldability ntawm ferritic hlau. Lub xub ntiag ntawm ferrite txhim kho lub zog tawm los ntawm Cr-Ni austenitic steel, thiab tib lub sijhawm ua rau cov hlau tiv taus kev ntxhov siab corrosion thiab muaj qhov me me rau kub tawg thaum vuam. Cov hlau no muaj cov qib siab ntawm corrosion-resistant alloy cov ntsiab lus xws li Cr, Ni, Cu, thiab Mo. Txawm hais tias cov qauv dual-theem tuaj yeem ua rau microbattery corrosion tau yooj yim, yog tias cov ntsiab lus hlau alloy ncav cuag ib qho nqi, ob theem yuav yog passivated nyob rau hauv nruab nrab, thiab dual-theem xaiv corrosion yuav tsis tshwm sim. Nws muaj qhov zoo tiv thaiv corrosion tsis zoo thiab pitting corrosion. .
Niaj hnub no, duplex stainless hlau yog siv nyob rau hauv ntau yam kev siv, tsis yog tsuas yog nyob rau hauv tshuaj, petrochemical thiab tshuaj daim ntawv thov, tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv cov ntaub so ntswg thiab ntawv, khoom noj khoom haus thiab dej haus, thiab kev tsim kho, vaj tse thiab vaj tse.
Tab sis cov ntawv thov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm duplex stainless hlau yog nyob rau hauv reactors thiab lwm yam khoom siv hauv kev lag luam chemical, chiv, petrochemical, fais fab thiab cov ntaub so ntswg thiab ntawv kev lag luam. Hauv cov ntawv thov feem ntau, duplex stainless hlau yog suav tias yog cov khoom siv zoo dua qub, sau qhov sib txawv ntawm cov hlau austenitic xws li 316L thiab cov hlau ntau dua.
Txawm hais tias nws yog feem ntau ntseeg tias duplex alloys yog siv vim lawv tsis kam tiv thaiv corrosion los ntawm cov khoom siv tshuaj, qhov no yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hauv cov dej kub tov xov xwm qhov twg austenitic stainless hlau tsis muaj kev tiv thaiv txaus rau pitting corrosion thiab kev nyuaj siab corrosion cracking.
2. AL-6XN
AL-6XN alloy yog super austenitic stainless hlau tshawb pom los ntawm Allegheny Ludlum Company hauv Tebchaws Meskas. Nws muaj kev tiv thaiv siab dua rau pitting corrosion, crevice corrosion thiab siab crevice corrosion rau chloride ions dua li tus qauv 300 series alloy, thiab yog resistant rau corrosion dua li cov nickel-based alloys. Alloy nqi yog tsawg.
Nyob rau hauv stainless hlau, Cr, Mo, Ni, thiab C muaj corrosion kuj rau txawv xov xwm feem. Cr yog tus neeg sawv cev ntawm corrosion kuj nyob rau hauv ntuj thiab oxidizing ib puag ncig. Qhov nce hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm Cr, Mo, thiab Ni ua rau muaj kev tiv thaiv pitting corrosion. Nickel muab cov qauv austenite. Nickel thiab molybdenum nce lub siab crevice corrosion muaj peev xwm thiab tsis kam mus rau chloride ions. Txo qhov corrosion kuj ntawm ib puag ncig.
High npib tsib xee (24%)-molybdenum (6.3%) alloy AL-6XN muaj kev tiv thaiv zoo rau lub siab crevice corrosion. Molybdenum muaj peev xwm tiv taus chloride ion pitting corrosion. Nickel ntxiv txhim khu kev tiv thaiv rau pitting corrosion thiab tuaj yeem muab lub zog siab dua 300 austenitic stainless hlau, yog li nws feem ntau siv hauv cov khoom siv thinner. Cov qib siab dua ntawm chromium, molybdenum thiab npib tsib xee hauv AL-6XN kuj muab kev tiv thaiv corrosion thaum tsim thiab vuam cov hlau tsis huv.
High chromium, molybdenum, npib tsib xee thiab nitrogen ua AL-6XN muaj kev tiv thaiv zoo rau chloride ion pitting corrosion thiab crevice corrosion, uas ua rau AL-6XN siv nyob rau hauv ntau qhov chaw, xws li zaub mov, dej hiav txwv lossis lwm yam tshuaj. ib puag ncig.
7. Cov khoom siv hlau sib xyaw
Txawm hais tias cov ntaub ntawv tshwj xeeb hlau muaj lawv tus kheej zoo corrosion kuj, lawv kuj tseem kim, uas yog ib qho ntawm cov laj thawj vim li cas qee qhov ntawm lawv tsis tuaj yeem txhawb nqa ntawm qhov loj. Txawm li cas los xij, hlau sib xyaw tshuab tau txhawb nqa cov ntaub ntawv tshwj xeeb hlau ntawm qhov tod tes. Daim ntawv thov.
Cov khoom siv hlau sib xyaw yog cov khoom siv hlau tshiab uas yog tsim los ntawm ntau cov hlau lossis hlau alloy xws li a, b, thiab c los ntawm cov txheej txheem sib txawv. Txhua qhov sib cuam tshuam tsim ib txheej ntawm cov ntawv cog lus hlau thiab muaj kev ua haujlwm zoo ib yam lossis zoo dua li cov khoom siv hlau qub. . Nws tsis yog ib qho lossis b (lossis c). Nws combines qhov zoo ntawm constituent Cheebtsam thiab overcomes cov kev ua tsis tau zoo ntawm ib yam khoom. Nws tsis tsuas yog optimizes cov khoom tsim, tab sis kuj embodies lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm rational siv cov ntaub ntawv. Nws yog ib qho kev txhim kho tam sim no ntawm cov ntaub ntawv science thiab engineering.
Kev sib xyaw ua ke muaj xws li: kev sib tsoo tawg, tawg-dov compounding, thiab dov compounding. Niaj hnub no, feem ntau ntawm cov txheej txheem hauv tsev siv tawg compounding.
Cov khoom siv sib xyaw muaj xws li: cov khoom sib xyaw (ob txheej, peb txheej), cov pas nrig sib xyaw, thiab cov kav dej sib xyaw.
qhov zoo:
Kev sib xyaw tsim nyog thiab qhov sib piv ntawm cov khoom ntawm cov ntaub ntawv cladding thiab cov ntaub ntawv hauv paus;
Txiav txim siab qhov thickness piv ntawm ob cov ntaub ntawv raws li xav tau;
Txuag cov khoom muaj nqi thiab tsis tshua muaj hlau thiab txo cov nqi khoom siv;
Txo cov txheej txheem tsim thickness los yog ua kom cov txheej txheem kev pabcuam kev ntxhov siab.
Tam sim no, lub teb chaws muaj cov qauv tsim nyog hauv lub tebchaws rau cov khoom sib xyaw, xws li GB8547-87 "Titanium-Steel Composite Plate", GB8546-87 "Titanium-Stainless Steel Composite Plate", JB4733-94 "Explosive Stainless Hlau Composite Steel Phaj rau Cov Nkoj Siab", thiab lwm yam.
Raws li cov ntsiab lus, vim tias cov ntaub ntawv tshwj xeeb hlau muaj qhov zoo corrosion kuj thiab machining kev ua tau zoo, lawv tuaj yeem ua tau raws li qhov xav tau ntawm corrosion kuj ntawm cov tuam ntxhab cov khoom tsim khoom thiab txhim kho cov khoom siv corrosion kuj. Nyob rau hauv xyoo tas los no, lawv cov kev txhawb nqa thiab kev thov hauv Suav teb tau ua tiav qee qhov txiaj ntsig. Txawm li cas los xij, nrog txoj kev loj hlob sai ntawm Tuam Tshoj txoj kev lag luam, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog maj mam tsim cov qauv kev lag luam thoob ntiaj teb kev sib koom ua ke thiab Tuam Tshoj txoj kev nkag mus rau WTO, muaj chav loj loj rau kev tsim cov khoom siv hlau tshwj xeeb hauv tsev (xws li nkag mus rau hauv kev lag luam thoob ntiaj teb), tab sis nws yuav tsum muaj. muaj feem xyuam rau lub teb chaws kev lag luam tswj department. Tsim cov qauv tsim nyog thiab muaj feem xyuam nrog cov cai thiab cov cai los txhawb txoj kev loj hlob ntawm tag nrho cov kev lag luam.
