1. Q: Qhov Scope ntawm ASTM A638 yog dab tsi, thiab nws siv li cas rau npib tsib xee -raws li alloy puag ncig tuav xws li Incoloy A-286, 800, 825, thiab 925?
A: ASTM A638 Cov Khoom Siv Hluav Taws Xobyog tus qauv specification rau "Kub-Wrought thiab Cold-Tiav Hnub nyoog-Hardening Stainless Hlau thiab Nickel Alloy Bars, Rods, thiab Forgings." Nws tshwj xeeb yog hais txog cov ntaub ntawv uas muaj peev xwm ua kom muaj zog los ntawm nag lossis daus hardening (hnub nyoog- hardening) kev kho cua sov. Thaum tus txheej txheem lub npe hais txog stainless hlau, nws suav nrog ntau lub nickel-raws li superalloys uas tau txais lawv qhov siab - qhov kub thiab txias los ntawm kev tswj los nag lossis daus ntawm cov theem intermetallic.
Cov alloys feem ntau muab raws li ASTM A638 suav nrog:
A-286 (UAS S66286): Ib qho hlau -nickel-chromium alloy nrog ntxiv ntawm molybdenum, titanium, thiab txhuas. Nws muaj zog los ntawm gamma prime (Ni₃(Al, Ti)) nag lossis daus thiab yog dav siv rau siab - kub fasteners, turbine Cheebtsam, thiab dav hlau cav qhov chaw uas yuav tsum tau muaj zog mus txog 1300℃F (700℃).
Incoloy 800 (UNS N08800).: Thaum Incoloy 800 feem ntau yog ib qho khoom siv- kev daws teeb meem muaj zog alloy, qee zaum nws tau muab raws li ASTM A638 thaum teev nyob rau hnub nyoog - mob hnyav. Txawm li cas los xij, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias Incoloy 800 tsis yog los nag lossis daus- hardening; lub hnub nyoog - hardenable variant yog feem ntauIncoloy 800 Hlos yog800 HT, uas tau tswj cov ntsiab lus carbon thiab tuaj yeem txhim kho qee cov nag lossis daus.
Incoloy 825 (UNS N08825) Cov.: Nickel-hlau-chromium alloy nrog molybdenum, tooj liab, thiab titanium ntxiv. Incoloy 825 yog nag lossis daus- tawv tawv thiab tuaj yeem muaj hnub nyoog- tawv kom ua tiav cov khoom siv kho kom zoo, ua rau nws haum rau siab - siv zog hauv qhov chaw corrosive.
Incoloy 925 (UNS N09925) Cov.: Tshwj xeeb tsim los ua nag lossis daus- hardenable version ntawm Alloy 825, Incoloy 925 yog cov cua sov kho kom ua tiav cov txiaj ntsig zoo (feem ntau 110-130 ksi) thaum tswj kev ua haujlwm zoo rau sulfide kev nyuaj siab corrosion cracking thiab qaub roj ib puag ncig.
ASTM A638 imposes cov kev cai rau cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg, tensile zog (ob leeg nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj -kho thiab laus tej yam kev mob), grain loj, thiab tsis muaj kev ntsuam xyuas. Cov kev qhia tshwj xeeb tso cai rau ob qho tib si kub-wrought thiab txias- cov khoom tiav, nrog cov kab puag ncig feem ntau muaj nyob rau hauv txoj kab uas hla xws li cov pas nrig me me (tsawg dua 1 nti) mus rau cov khoom loj loj tshaj li 8 ntiv tes, nyob ntawm qhov tshwj xeeb alloy thiab lub peev xwm zeb.
2. Q: Dab tsi yog cov yam ntxwv sib txawv thiab kev siv ib txwm siv ntawm txhua qib Incoloy -A-286, 800, 825, thiab 925-thaum muab los ua puag ncig lossis pas nrig hauv qab ASTM A638?
A:Txhua yam ntawm cov nickel -raws li alloys muaj kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov khoom siv kho tshuab, kev tiv thaiv corrosion, thiab thermal stability. Kev nkag siab txog cov kev sib txawv no yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev xaiv cov khoom tsim nyog rau ib daim ntawv thov kev lag luam.
A-286 (UNS S66286):Cov hlau no yog hlau-raws li superalloy uas muaj kwv yees li 25% npib tsib xee, 15% chromium, nrog molybdenum, titanium, thiab txhuas. Nws yog nag lossis daus- nyuaj los ntawm ob- kev laus kev kho mob kom ua tiav cov txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm 90–110 ksi lossis siab dua. A-286 nthuav tawm tshwj xeeb qhov kub siab tensile lub zog, nkag siab, thiab oxidation tsis kam mus txog 1300℃F (700℃). Cov ntawv thov rau A-286 puag ncig thiab cov pas nrig suav nrog:gas turbine cav Cheebtsamturbine blades, discs, thiab ncej),high -kub fasteners(bolts, txiv ntseej, thiab studs rau aerospace thiab tsheb siv),tom qab burner Cheebtsam, thiabsupercharger qhov chawrau siab -kev ua tau zoo engine.
Incoloy 800 (UNS N08800) thiab 800H / 800HT:Cov alloys muaj kwv yees li 32-35% npib tsib xee thiab 19-23% chromium, muab kev tiv thaiv zoo rau oxidation, carburization, thiab siab - kub corrosion. Incoloy 800 yog cov khoom muaj zog- cov kev daws teeb meem muaj zog thiab feem ntau yog siv nyob rau hauv cov mob annealed. Cov "H" thiab "HT" variants tau tswj cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov pa roj carbon (0.05-0.10%) thiab cov txheej txheem zoo dua los txhim kho lub zog creep rupture. Raws li ASTM A638, cov alloys no yuav raug teev tseg rau cov ntawv thov uas xav tau siab - kub lub zog nrog corrosion kuj. Cov ntawv thov ib txwm muaj xws li:kub exchanger tubing thiab kav dej(thaum muab los ua bar rau flanges thiab fittings),cov khoom siv hluav taws xob, Petrochemical Reformer Tubes, thiabnuclear steam generator Cheebtsam.
Incoloy 825 (UNS N08825):Nrog 38-46% npib tsib xee, 19.5-23.5% chromium, ntxiv rau molybdenum, tooj liab, thiab titanium, Incoloy 825 muaj kev tiv thaiv zoo heev los txo thiab oxidizing acids, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog sulfuric thiab phosphoric acids. Thaum feem ntau siv hauv kev daws teeb meem -annealed mob, nws tuaj yeem ua nag lossis daus- tawv kom ua tiav lub zog. Cov ntawv thov rau Incoloy 825 round bar muaj xws li:twj tso kua mis shafts thiab valve stemshauv chemical processing,fasteners rau acid kev pab, downhole tooling rau qaub qhov dej, thiabcov khoom siv hauv kev ua haujlwm pickling.
Incoloy 925 (UNS N09925):Cov hlau no yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm nag lossis daus- hardened version ntawm Alloy 825, nrog rau titanium thiab txhuas ntxiv uas ua rau muaj hnub nyoog- hardening kom muaj zog tshaj 110 ksi (760 MPa). Nws tuav cov kev tiv thaiv zoo heev ntawm Alloy 825 thaum muab cov khoom siv zoo dua qub. Cov ntawv thov rau Incoloy 925 round bar muaj xws li:downhole casing thiab tubingrau cov roj qaub (H₂S/CO₂) ib puag ncig,siab - lub zog fastenersrau subsea thiab offshore daim ntawv thov,twj tso kua mis shafts thiab valve Cheebtsamxav tau ob qho tib si corrosion kuj thiab siab zog, thiabheat exchanger kho vajtsehauv kev siv tshuaj lom neeg hnyav.
3. Q: Cov txheej txheem kho cua sov dab tsi tau teev tseg raws li ASTM A638 rau cov npib tsib xee -raws li alloys, thiab lawv cuam tshuam li cas rau cov khoom siv ntawm cov kab puag ncig?
A:Cov txheej txheem kho cua sov raws li ASTM A638 sib txawv los ntawm cov hlau, tab sis lawv feem ntau ua raws li ob- txheej txheem theem:tshuaj annealingua raws linag lossis daus hardening (aging). Qhov tshwj xeeb kub thiab sijhawm ntev yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev ua tiav cov khoom siv kho tshuab uas xav tau.
Rau A-286 (UNS S66286):
Cov txheej txheem kev kho cua sov rau ASTM A638 muaj xws li:
Kev daws annealing:1800℃F (982 degree) rau qhov tsawg kawg nkaus ntawm 1 teev, tom qab ntawd txias txias (roj lossis dej)
Precipitation hardening (aging):1325℃F (718 degree) rau 16 teev, ua raws li cua txias
Qhov kev kho no tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm: Tensile lub zog 130-160 ksi, yield zog 90-110 ksi, elongation 15-25%, thiab hardness 30-35 HRC. Kev laus kev kho mob precipitates gamma prime (Ni₃ (Al, Ti)) particles, uas ua rau obstacles rau dislocation txav, dramatically nce lub zog thaum tuav txaus ductility.
Rau Incoloy 825 thiab 925:
Incoloy 825 (UNS N08825):Feem ntau muab rau hauv cov tshuaj-annealed mob ntawm 1700–1900℃F (925–1040 degree) ua raws li qhov txias txias. Thaum muaj hnub nyoog- yuav tsum tau ua kom tawv, yuav tsum tau ua ob- cov txheej txheem kev laus, feem ntau 1350℃F (732 degree) rau 8 teev tom qab 1150℃F (621 degree) rau 8 teev, tom qab ntawd cua txias. Qhov no yields tensile zog ntawm 100-120 ksi thiab yield zog ntawm 70-90 ksi nyob rau hauv cov laus mob.
Incoloy 925 (UNS N09925):Yuav tsum muaj kev tswj hwm kev laus ntau dua: kev daws teeb meem ntawm 1800℃F (982 degree) rau 30 feeb, dej quench, ces muaj hnub nyoog ntawm 1350℃F (732 degree) rau 8 teev, rauv txias rau 1150℃F (621 degree), tuav rau 8 teev, ces cua txias. Qhov no ua rau cov khoom muaj zog ntawm 110-130 ksi, tensile zog ntawm 150-170 ksi, thiab elongations ntawm 15-25%, ua nws lub siab tshaj plaws - lub zog alloy ntawm pawg no.
Rau Incoloy 800 Series:
Incoloy 800 feem ntau yog siv rau hauv cov kev daws teeb meem -annealed mob thiab feem ntau tsis dhau los nag lossis daus hardening. Txawm li cas los xij, thaum tau teev tseg raws li ASTM A638 rau hnub nyoog- cov ntawv siv tawv tawv, 800H / 800HT variants tuaj yeem muab "stabilizing anneal" ntawm kwv yees li 2100℃F (1150 degree) ua raws li kev ua kom txias sai kom ua tiav cov txheej txheem ntxhib uas ua kom muaj zog ntawm cov creep rupture.
Kev xaiv ntawm kev kho cua sov ncaj qha cuam tshuam rau cov khoom siv ua haujlwm. Tshaj - laus (lub sij hawm dhau los lossis kub) tuaj yeem ua rau coarsening ntawm precipitates, ua rau txo qis zog. Hloov pauv, nyob rau hauv - laus tuaj yeem ua rau nag lossis daus tsis tiav, ua tsis tiav cov khoom siv kho tshuab tau teev tseg.
4. Q: Yuav ua li cas cov khoom ntawm cov npib tsib xee -raws li alloy puag ncig tuav sib piv, thiab dab tsi yuav tsum coj cov khoom xaiv rau siab - zog tiv thaiv corrosion- daim ntaub ntawv tiv taus?
A:Kev xaiv ntawm A-286, Incoloy 800, 825, thiab 925 rau daim ntawv thov puag ncig yuav tsum ntsuas lub zog txhua yam, tiv thaiv corrosion, thiab ua haujlwm kub. Cov lus hauv qab no qhia txog cov khoom siv kho tshuab zoo ib yam hauv lub hnub nyoog-hardened mob:
| Alloy | Tensile zog (ksi) | Yield zog (ksi) | Elongation (%) | Hardness (HRC) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| A-286 | 130–160 | 90–110 | 15–25 | 30–35 |
| Kev 800 | 80-100 (ntxiv) | 35-55 (ntxiv) | 30–50 | Tsis siv tau |
| lus 825 | 100–120 | 70–90 | 25–35 | 20–25 |
| lus 925 | 150–170 | 110–130 | 15–25 | 30–38 |
Cov Lus Qhia rau Kev Xaiv Cov Khoom Siv:
Siab -Tsub Muaj Zog (txog 1300℃F / 700 degree):A -286 yog qhov kev xaiv zoo tshaj plaws. Nws ua ke ntawm siab -kub tensile zog, creep resistance, thiab oxidation kuj ua rau nws tus qauv rau aerospace fasteners, turbine hardware, thiab automotive supercharger Cheebtsam. Incoloy 800 yog qhov tsim nyog rau cov ntawv thov kub txog li 1800℃F (982 degree) qhov twg lub zog nruab nrab tau txais, feem ntau yog rau cov khoom siv es tsis yog qhov nyuaj heev.
Corrosion Resistance nrog Moderate Strength:Incoloy 825 yog cov khoom xaiv rau kev siv tshuaj lom neeg uas yuav tsum tau ua rau sulfuric, phosphoric, thiab nitric acids. Nws muaj qhov zoo heev pitting thiab crevice corrosion kuj, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv chloride -muaj ib puag ncig. Nws lub zog yog tsim nyog rau feem ntau cov twj tso kua mis, valve stems, thiab fasteners hauv kev pabcuam corrosive.
Corrosion Resistance nrog High Strength:Incoloy 925 txuas qhov sib txawv ntawm corrosion-cov alloys resistant thiab siab - cov ntaub ntawv muaj zog. Rau cov cuab yeej siv roj thiab roj av, cov khoom siv hauv qab dej hiav txwv, thiab cov khoom siv ua haujlwm siab - siab, Incoloy 925 muab lub zog tsim nyog (110-130 ksi yield) thaum tuav cov tshuaj tiv thaiv sulfide kev nyuaj siab corrosion cracking (SSC) thiab chloride stress -corrosion cracking (SCC). A-286, thaum muaj zog, tsis muaj tib theem ntawm corrosion kuj nyob rau hauv qaub roj (H₂S) ib puag ncig.
Kev txiav txim siab nqi:Incoloy 800 feem ntau yog tus nqi ntau tshaj - kev xaiv tau zoo, haum rau nruab nrab - corrosion thiab siab - cov ntawv thov kub qhov twg lub zog siab tsis tseem ceeb. A-286 poob rau hauv nruab nrab-ntau, thaum Incoloy 825 thiab 925 hais kom tus nqi siab dua vim lawv cov ntsiab lus npib tsib xee thiab tshwj xeeb melting xyaum. Rau cov ntawv thov uas yuav tsum tau muaj zog thiab tshwj xeeb corrosion kuj, Incoloy 925 muaj qhov zoo tshaj plaws tus nqi proposition piv rau ntau dua-alloyed lwm yam xws li Alloy C-276 los yog Inconel 718 nyob rau hauv tej qhov chaw qaub kev pab cuam.
5. Q: Kev tsim khoom thiab kev txiav txim siab dab tsi yog qhov tseem ceeb thaum tsim cov kab thiab cov pas nrig ntawm cov npib tsib xee -raws li alloys rau qhov kawg - siv cov khoom siv?
A:Fabrication ntawm npib tsib xee-raws li alloy puag ncig tuav rau hauv cov khoom tiav-txawm yog los ntawm machining, forging, los yog vuam- yuav tsum tau ua tib zoo saib xyuas cov yam ntxwv tshwj xeeb ntawm txhua lub alloy.
Kev txiav txim siab Machining:
Cov nickel-raws li alloys feem ntau suav hais tias nyuaj rau tshuab vim lawv lub zog siab, ua haujlwm- hardening tus nqi, thiab thermal conductivity tsawg. Cov lus pom zoo tseem ceeb suav nrog:
Tooling:Siv cov cuab yeej carbide nrog cov ntse ntse, zoo -rake geometry kom txo qis ua haujlwm tawv
Surface Speeds:Rau A-286 thiab Incoloy 925, qhov nrawm nrawm ntawm 50-100 SFM yog qhov raug; rau Incoloy 800 thiab 825, qhov ceev ntawm 80-150 SFM tau txais
Coolant:High -pressure coolant yog qhov tseem ceeb los tswj kev tsim hluav taws xob thiab tiv thaiv cov cuab yeej hnav
Rigidity:Kev teeb tsa lub tshuab yuav tsum nruj kom tsis txhob muaj kev sib tham, uas tuaj yeem ua kom ua haujlwm hnyav
Forging:
Tag nrho plaub lub alloys tuaj yeem yog kub forged, tab sis qhov kub thiab txias sib txawv:
A-286:Forging kub ntau ntawm 1800-2100℃F (982-1149 degree), nrog qhov kawg ua tiav saum 1800℃F kom tsis txhob tawg
Qhov siab 800:Forging ntau ntawm 1700-2100℃F (927-1149 degree), nrog ceev txias tom qab forging
825/925:Forging ntau ntawm 1750-2150℃F (954-1177 degree), nrog rau kev tshaj tawm -forge annealing yuav tsum tau los kho corrosion kuj
Tom qab forging, Cheebtsam yuav tsum tau tov annealed kom yaj tej precipitates uas tsim thaum lub sij hawm txias thiab los kho ductility thiab corrosion kuj.
Vuam:
Vuam ntawm cov alloys no yuav tsum tau muab tub lim hlau xaiv thiab tswj cov cua sov:
A-286:Siv cov muab tub lim sib txuam (A-286) rau siab- daim ntawv thov kub; xav tau kev laus tom qab vuam los kho cov khoom
Qhov siab 800:Siv ERNiCr-3 lossis ERNiFeCr-2 muab cov hlau; tsis muaj kev kho cua sov tom qab vuam feem ntau xav tau
825/925:Siv ERNiFeCr-1 (INCOLOY® 65) muab tub lim; rau 925, tom qab-weld tov annealing thiab aging yog tsim nyog los tswj lub zog
Quality Assurance and Testing:
ASTM A638 yuav tsum muaj kev sim tshwj xeeb kom paub tseeb tias kev sib haum xeeb:
Tensile xeem:Ob qho kev daws teeb meem- kho thiab cov laus yuav tsum ua raws li cov khoom teev tseg
Kev kuaj Hardness:Feem ntau ua rau cov neeg laus mob
Kev kuaj tsis raug:Ultrasonic los yog eddy kev kuaj tam sim no yuav raug teev rau cov ntawv thov tseem ceeb
Kev txiav txim siab loj:Rau A-286 thiab Incoloy 925, grain loj yuav tsum tau ua kom zoo ib yam khoom siv
Rau qhov kawg - cov neeg siv, nrhiav ASTM A638- cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj los ntawm cov zeb nrog cov txheej txheem tsim kom muaj kev ruaj ntseg thiab ua raws li cov qauv kev lag luam. Muab tus nqi siab thiab qhov tseem ceeb ntawm daim ntawv thov-xws li los ntawm aerospace fasteners mus rau downhole oilfield cov cuab yeej-cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj thaum tshav kub kub tsom xam, mechanical zog, thiab kev kho cua sov cycles yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov khoom specifications.
