1. Hastelloy C-22HS (UNS N07022) tau tsim tshwj xeeb kom muaj zog dua. Dab tsi yog nws cov txheej txheem kev txhim kho kev siv hlau ua haujlwm tseem ceeb, thiab hauv kev siv cov kav dej dab tsi no ua rau nws tsim nyog hloov kho dua tus qauv C-22 (UNS N06022)?
Hastelloy C-22HS (High Strength) ntiav cov txheej txheem thermomechanical (TMP) kom ua tiav cov txiaj ntsig tau zoo dua thaum tuav cov kev tiv thaiv corrosion zoo heev. Qhov no yog qhov txawv ntawm ib txwm muaj zog-kev daws teeb meem.
Metallurgical Strengthening Mechanism:
Standard C-22: Cia siab rau cov khoom siv- kev daws teeb meem los ntawm nws cov qib siab ntawm chromium, molybdenum, thiab tungsten nyob rau hauv ib zaug -theem, austenitic (FCC) nickel matrix. Nws yog muab nyob rau hauv ib tug tov-annealed thiab quenched mob.
C-22HS: Ua raws li cov txheej txheem tswj kev dov thiab kev laus. Cov txheej txheem no qhia txog qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov sib txawv thiab yuav txhawb nqa qhov zoo heev, tsis sib xws ntawm cov theem nrab (muaj peev xwm carbides los yog intermetallic) uas pin dislocations, ua rau muaj zog ntau yam tsis muaj kev vam khom loj ntxiv ntawm nag lossis daus-hardening ntsiab xws li txhuas lossis titanium. Nws yog ibmechanicallymuab tau siab - lub zog ntawm C-22 chemistry.
Kev ua tau zoo & Daim Ntawv Thov Kev Txhim Kho dua li Standard C-22:
Qhov txiaj ntsig tseem ceeb yog ua ob npaug ntawm qhov kev tawm dag zog ntawm chav tsev kub (piv txwv li, ~ 120 ksi / 830 MPa rau C-22HS vs. ~ 60 ksi / 415 MPa rau annealed C-22) thaum tuav ~ 90% ntawm corrosion kuj.
Yuav Tsum Tau Siv Piping:
Siab -Kev Pab Cuam Siab: Rau cov raj xa dej, cov khoom siv hauv lub taub hau, thiab cov dej hauv qab dej hiav txwv hauv qhov tob, qaub (H₂S) cov roj & roj qhov dej qhov twg ob qho tib si huab cua tsis kam thiab lub zog tawm los siab heev yuav tsum tau tiv thaiv lub qhov siab. C-22HS tso cai rau cov phab ntsa nyias nyias, txo qhov hnyav thiab tus nqi.
Siab -Cov Txheej Txheem Kev Ruaj Ntseg Sab Hauv: Rau cov thermowells, agitator shafts, thiab cov kav dej uas yuav tsum tau tiv thaiv cov txheej txheem hnyav (xws li cov kua qaub sib xyaw, oxidizing chlorides) thaum tiv taus cov khoom siv siab thiab kev co.
Tseem ceeb Compression & Pump Cheebtsam: Rau siab - siab compressor valve daim hlau, springs, thiab twj tso kua mis shafts nyob rau hauv tshuaj ua cov txheej txheem C-22 yuav tsis txaus nyob rau hauv lub zog.
Txoj Cai Xaiv: Siv C-22HS seamless yeeb nkab thiab raj thaum lub tshuab tsim yog tswj hwm los ntawm kev ntxhov siab vim kev ntxhov siab thiab koj xav tau cov ntaub ntawv corrosion ntawm C-22. Yog hais tias tus tsim yog tsav los ntawm corrosion ib leeg nrog tsawg kawg nkaus siab, txheem annealed C-22 yog txaus thiab ntau fabricable.
2. Hastelloy G-35 (UNS N06035) muaj npe nrov rau nws qhov tshwj xeeb tiv thaiv phosphoric acid. Qhov kev hloov kho tshwj xeeb dab tsi ua rau qhov kev ua tau zoo no, thiab lwm qhov kev sib cav sib ceg zoo li cas los ntawm G-35 yeeb nkab?
Hastelloy G-35 sawv cev rau kev tsom mus rau kev ua kom zoo tshuaj lom neeg los tswj cov txheej txheem kev lag luam tshwj xeeb, tsis muaj npe nrov: cov txheej txheem ntub dej phosphoric acid (WPA) ntau lawm.
Compositional Innovation:
Qhov tseem ceeb yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov ntsiab lus chromium ua ke nrog kev tshem tawm tag nrho cov tooj liab.
C-276 / C-22 Baseline: ~ 16-22% Cr, tej zaum yuav muaj Cu (raws li hauv C-2000).
G-35: ~ 33% Chromium, 8% Molybdenum, 0% tooj liab.
Lub Logic: High chromium zoo heev rau oxidizing acids (xws li phosphoric acid, uas feem ntau muaj oxidizing impurities xws li fluorine thiab chlorides). Txawm li cas los xij, ib txwm muaj siab -chromium alloys raug kev txom nyem hauv kev txo cov kua qaub. G-35's 8% Mo muab lub hauv paus tseem ceeb ntawm kev txo cov kua qaub thiab chloride pitting tsis kam, tsim kom muaj qhov sib npaug tshiab. Tshem tawm cov tooj liab tiv thaiv cov teeb meem hauv cov xwm txheej oxidizing heev uas tooj liab tuaj yeem oxidize.
Daim Ntawv Thov Tseem Ceeb - Phosphoric Acid Pipework:
G-35 yog cov khoom tseem ceeb tshaj plaws rau cov kav dej tuav cov concentrated, cov kab mob phosphoric acid (54% P₂O₅) ntawm qhov kub siab, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv evaporation thiab pom circuits. Nws tiv thaiv kev tawm tsam los ntawm fluoride ions, chloride ions, sulfuric acid, thiab cov khoom gypsum abrasion tam sim no nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem kwj zoo dua li cov hlau tsis muaj steel, ua ntej G-series alloys (G-3, G-30), lossis txawm C-276.
Lwm Yam Kev Pabcuam Tshwj Xeeb:
Sulfuric Acid ntawm Intermediate Concentration: Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum muaj kab mob oxidizing (Fe³⁺, Cu²⁺). Nws cov ntsiab lus Cr siab muab nws ib qho ntug tshaj C-276 thiab C-2000 nyob rau hauv cov oxidizing sulfate ib puag ncig.
Nitric Acid / Chromic Acid Mixtures: Rau pickling thiab nto kho kab uas muaj zog oxidizing acids siv.
Khib nyiab Incineration Scrubber Liquors: Tuav cov kua nplaum uas muaj chlorides, fluorides, thiab sulfuric acid ntawm qis pH.
Hlau Finishing & Electropolishing Baths: Uas feem ntau siv nruj, oxidizing acid sib tov.
Hauv qhov tseem ceeb, G-35 yeeb nkab yog qhov kev xaiv tshwj xeeb thaum ib puag ncig muaj zog oxidizing, acidic, thiab muaj halides - sau ib qho niche ntawm qhov zoo tshaj plaws txo -acid tsis kam ntawm siab - molybdenum alloys thiab oxidizing tsis kam ntawm siab -chromium, qis-molybdenum alloys.
3. Los ntawm kev tsim thiab vuam kev xav, cov kev sib tw sib txawv thiab cov txheej txheem yuav tsum tau ua rau C-22HS yeeb nkab piv rau nws cov khoom siv annealed, muab nws lub zog siab, ua haujlwm zoo?
Fabricating nrog C-22HS yog qhov sib txawv thiab muaj kev txwv ntau dua vim nws lub xeev muaj zog.
Kev txwv qhov tseem ceeb: Tsis muaj kev ua haujlwm kub.
Lub zog siab ntawm C-22HS yog muab los ntawm nws qhov tshwj xeeb txias- ua haujlwm thiab hnub nyoog microstructure. Kev siv cov cua kub tseem ceeb (xws li, kub dabtsi yog khoov, forging) yuav rhuav tshem cov qauv tsim, ua rau kev laus / rov qab thiab poob mus tas li ntawm cov khoom siv kho kom zoo dua qub. Fabrication yog txwv feem ntau rau txias dabtsi yog khoov nyob rau hauv lub chaw tsim tshuaj paus cov kev txwv.
Vuam C-22HS:
Vuam nthuav tawm qhov kev sib tw loj tshaj plaws, vim tias qhov kub ntawm vuam tsim kom muaj cua sov- thaj chaw cuam tshuam (HAZ) uas yuav dhau los - laus thiab mos.
Filler Hlau: Yuav tsum siv cov hlau muab tub lim uas phim qhov corrosion kuj ntawm lub hauv paus hlau, feem ntau ERNiCrMo-10 (tib yam li C-22/C-2000). Lub weld hlau yuav nyob rau hauv lub annealed, qis-lub zog mob.
Lub zog tsis sib xws: Cov vuam tiav yuav muaj lub hauv paus hlau muaj zog (C-22HS), HAZ mos, thiab cov hlau zoo li-welded (annealed) weld hlau. Qhov no yuav tsum suav rau hauv kev tsim. Lub weld sib koom ua ke yog lub ntsiab lus tsis muaj zog.
Tsis Muaj Post-Weld Heat Treatment (PWHT): Ib qho kev daws teeb meem tag nrho yuav ua rau lub hauv paus hlau lub zog. Kev daws kev ntxhov siab hauv zos tsis muaj txiaj ntsig thiab tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj. Yog li ntawd, welded C-22HS cov rooj sib txoos feem ntau yog siv nyob rau hauv qhov zoo li-welded, nrog rau kev tsim qauv pub rau lub zog qis ntawm qhov chaw vuam.
Cov txheej txheem nruj yuav tsum tau ua: Vuam yuav tsum tau ua nrog cov cua kub tsawg heev (kom txo qhov loj ntawm HAZ softened) thiab nruj tswj ntawm interpass kub.
Machining: Nws yog ib qho nyuaj thiab ntau dua abrasive tshaj annealed alloys. Yuav tsum muaj kev teeb tsa nruj, cov cuab yeej ntse carbide, thiab cov khoom tsim nyog / nrawm.
Cov ntsiab lus: C-22HS yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws siv los ua seamless, tiav cov yeeb nkab lossis raj uas yuav tsum tau ua kom tsawg kawg nkaus. Nws yog qhov zoo tagnrho rau kev khiav ncaj nraim los yog spools nrog tsuas yog yooj yim, txias teb khoov. Complex welded manifolds yuav tsum tau fabricated los ntawm annealed C-22 thiab ces tej zaum mechanically ntxiv dag zog yog xav tau.
4. Thaum ua ib qho kev ntsuam xyuas cov khoom siv rau txoj kab kev pabcuam loj tshiab, dab tsi yog qhov tseem ceeb sib piv uas yuav ua rau tus kws tshaj lij qhia G-35 yeeb nkab hla C-276 lossis C-22 yeeb nkab?
Kev txiav txim siab ntoo hinges ntawm kev txheeb xyuas cov oxidizing / txo tus cwj pwm thiab cov kab mob tshwj xeeb ntawm cov txheej txheem ntws.
| Qhov xwm txheej | Hastelloy C-276 (UNS N10276) | Hastelloy C-22 (UNS N06022) | Hastelloy G-35 (UNS N06035) | Xaiv Tsav Tsheb |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ib puag ncig zoo | Txo cov acids, oxidizing chlorides. Sib npaug. | Superior rau C-276 hauv oxidizing chlorides, sib xyaw acids. | Muaj zog oxidizing acids, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nrog fluorides / chlorides. | Oxidizing zog ntawm kwj. |
| Ntsiab lus | Siab Mo (~16%), Med Cr (~16%). | Siab Cr (~ 22%) dua C-276, zoo li Mo (~ 13%). | High Cr (~ 33%), qis Mo (~ 8%), Tsis muaj Cu. | Cr: Mo Ratio. |
| Phosphoric Acid Resistance | Zoo nyob rau hauv ntshiab acid. | Zoo heev. | Tshwj xeeb, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv cov kab mob (F⁻, Cl⁻) ntub - txheej txheem kua qaub. | Kev muaj F⁻/Cl⁻ hauv H₃PO₄. |
| Sulfuric Acid Resistance | Zoo heev hauv kev txo qis,<70%. Vulnerable to oxidizers. | Zoo tshaj C-276 hauv oxidizing tej yam kev mob. | Zoo tshaj - hauv - chav kawm rau oxidizing sulfuric acid (xws li, nrog Fe³⁺, Cu²⁺). | Oxidizing vs. Txo H₂SO₄. |
| Chloride Pitting Resistance | Zoo heev (PREN ~ 69). | Zoo heev (PREN ~ 68). | Zoo (PREN ~ 48), tab sis qis dua C-22 / C-276. | Yog tias pitting nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj chlorides tsis tu ncua yog qhov kev hem thawj loj, C-22 yuav muaj kev nyab xeeb dua. |
Qhia meej G-35 Yeeb Nkab Thaum:
Cov txheej txheem tseem ceeb yog phosphoric acid, nitric acid, los yog chromic acid.
Cov dej sulfuric acid tau paub tias muaj cov kab mob oxidizing muaj zog.
Ib puag ncig yog oxidizing heev thiab muaj fluorides (cov "killer" combo rau ntau alloys).
Cov ntaub ntawv hauv chav kuaj lossis kev sim cog cov ntaub ntawv qhia pom qhov tseeb corrosion tus nqi zoo rau G-35 hauv cov txheej txheem tshwj xeeb, cov txheej txheem nyuaj.
5. Dab tsi yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev ruaj ntseg zoo thiab kev sim cov txheej txheem tshwj xeeb los xyuas kom meej qhov ua tau zoo ntawm C-22HS thiab G-35 seamless yeeb nkab rau cov haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv ntiaj teb?
Rau cov nqi no, daim ntawv thov- cov alloys tshwj xeeb, QA mus dhau tus qauv MTRs.
Rau ob qho tib si Alloys:
Stringent Melt Practice: Daim ntawv pov thawj ntawm VIM + VAR / ESR melting yog qhov yuav tsum tau ua kom ntseeg tau tias homogeneity thiab tsis muaj impurities (S, P, Si).
Tag Nrho Traceability: Thaum tshav kub kub-rau- cua sov thiab yeeb nkab- mus rau -heat traceability.
Comprehensive MTR/CMTR: suav nrog tag nrho chemistry, txhua yam khoom, cov ntaub ntawv kho cua sov, thiab NDE cov ntaub ntawv.
Advanced NDE: 100% Ultrasonic Testing (UT) rau seamless yeeb nkab, raws siab - cov qauv rhiab heev (piv txwv li, ASTM A578, Qib II lossis III), kom tsis suav nrog cov laminations lossis suav nrog.
Tshwj xeeb rau C-22HS:
Kev Tshawb Fawb Txog Kev Txhim Kho Cov Txheej Txheem: MTR yuav tsum qhia meej meej txog kev ua raws li cov tswv cuab siab tshaj -lub zog thermomechanical processing spec. Cov txiaj ntsig kev ntsuas tshuab yuav tsum tshaj qhov tsawg kawg nkaus tawm lub zog (piv txwv li, 120 ksi) rau cov khoom tshwj xeeb thiab qhov loj me.
Kev Ntsuas Kev Ntsuas Kev Ntsuas: Kev Ntsuas Hardness (xws li, Brinell, Rockwell) yuav tsum tau ua thiab tshaj tawm kom paub meej tias qhov kev ua haujlwm, tab sis cov chaw yuav tsum raug xaiv kom tsis txhob cuam tshuam rau qhov kawg ntawm cov khoom lag luam saum npoo ntawm thaj chaw tseem ceeb.
Tshwj xeeb rau G-35:
Corrosion Test Daim coupon Cov ntaub ntawv: Muab nws lub hom phiaj tshwj xeeb, kev kuaj corrosion ntxiv ntawm cov khoom siv tau pom zoo.
ASTM G28 Txoj Kev A (rau kev sib xyaw ua ke sib xyaw ua ke).
Daim ntawv thov- Kev Ntsuas Tshwj Xeeb: Rau cov haujlwm phosphoric acid, thov cov ntaub ntawv xeem hauv cov txheej txheem cawv (piv txwv li, 54% P₂O₅, nrog F⁻ thiab Cl⁻ ntawm qhov kub thiab txias). Qhov no feem ntau yog daim ntawv cog lus - qhov yuav tsum tau muaj tshwj xeeb.
Weld Procedure Qualification: Yog tias yuav tsum tau vuam, qhov kev qhia tshwj xeeb yuav tsum tau txiav txim siab tias tus neeg xa khoom siv yeeb nkab lossis lub chaw kuaj xyuas tsim nyog muab cov txheej txheem vuam tsim nyog (WPS) thiab tej zaum vuam daim coupon rau cov neeg siv khoom kuaj, vim yog G-35 qhov tshwj xeeb siab -Cr, qis {{3}Mo.
Kev Ua Haujlwm Kawg: Rau mega- tej yaam num (xws li, ib qho tshiab phosphoric acid complex siv G-35 yeeb nkab), nws yog ib qho kev xyaum los xaiv thib peb- cov koom haum soj ntsuam los ua pov thawj cov kauj ruam tseem ceeb (kev kho cua sov, kev sim) ntawm lub zeb thiab tshuaj xyuas tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv ua ntej tso tawm rau cov khoom xa tuaj. Qhov no ua kom muaj ntau lab daus las piping peev ua tau raws li tsim los rau nws lub neej ua haujlwm 20+ xyoo.
